Veterans Affairs committee  Yes.

Veterans Affairs committee  I guess the risk increases as the amount in the body increases. Quite clearly if people have bit of depleted uranium metal in them—which some of the people involved in the friendly fire incidents both on the U.S. and U.K. sides do have—they will have the highest amounts of uraniu

Veterans Affairs committee  It was just members of the public.

Veterans Affairs committee  No, the only weapons that were used in the Balkans were A-10 Warthog rounds. The anti-armour rounds fired by tanks are very precise; they normally hit their target. Normally they try to put two rounds through the target just to make sure it's knocked out. The A-10, on the other h

Veterans Affairs committee  Yes. The nucleus starts with a mass of 238 for uranium, the major isotope. When it decays it loses four of those. It gets rid of part of its nucleus and forms new mass weight. It now becomes something with uranium 234, with mass 234. Then it decays away, and you go down through a

Veterans Affairs committee  No. In natural uranium, there are three isotopes. It's basically just three forms of the uranium which have different atomic masses. As I said the weight, some are less stable and some are more stable; you've got the most stable one, which is uranium-238, with a mass of 238. The

Veterans Affairs committee  Okay. Uranium is radioactive, which means that its nucleus is unstable and at some point, depending on how unstable it is, it will decay away to another nucleus that is smaller. It will lose some of the nucleus. Then if that's stable, fair enough. If that is radioactive, it will

Veterans Affairs committee  I don't think there are any areas of disagreement. Certainly people will interpret the same data in different ways. For instance, in the United States the army chose to just measure total uranium, except in the individuals who were caught in friendly-fire incidents. None of the m

Veterans Affairs committee  No. What I was doing was trying to add context. I put in some things like the sort of levels of uranium that are found in Ontario. Most people have quite a low level of uranium intake because they're drinking town water supplies, which are controlled. People on well water can h

Veterans Affairs committee  That's a quote from my Lancet paper. If we start off with the fact that depleted uranium, chemically speaking, has identical toxicity to natural uranium and that radiologically it's less toxic, because most of the more radioactive isotopes are reduced in the uranium, then we can

Veterans Affairs committee  Firstly, the people whom we measured in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Serbia were members of the public. We collected urine samples, and we had urine samples from everybody, from babies all the way up to senior citizens. The amount of total uranium excreted by the people in the area was n

Veterans Affairs committee  That's happening now. I'm swapping from French to English.

Veterans Affairs committee  Thank you very much for the question. No, I didn't actually analyze blood samples. I analyzed urine samples. There are several ways of doing this. The way most normally used in North America, both in Canada and in the United States, is to measure the amount of total uranium in

Veterans Affairs committee  The Tottenham Hotspur.

Veterans Affairs committee  Thank you for inviting me. It came as a bit of a surprise to be asked to give a presentation. I wasn't aware that I had to give an introduction, but I've made a few notes, and I just hope that's okay. If you have problems with it, please indicate and I'll clear it up. I'm a tox