Procedure and House Affairs committee  Well, individual states have very different election laws.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  There are some states that have same day registration.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes, in a comparative context, there will clearly be important differences. Here in the United States, where you have individual states determining their own election law by and large, we have a lot of variety in terms of how long between registration and election day. We have a

Procedure and House Affairs committee  If I might add, I said before that there was no main effect, right? It's not a particularly—

Procedure and House Affairs committee  —large driving factor in explaining voter turnout. Now you can point to individual examples of individuals feeling as though they've been disenfranchised because of voter ID laws. We had an anecdote at the beginning of that paper about a member of the U.S. Congress who showed up

Procedure and House Affairs committee  That is correct. There is no main effect of a requirement for more aggressive forms of identification: a photo, expiration date, things like that.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes, there is the risk that people who are unaware of any sort of voter registration requirement are less likely to show up to vote. That doesn't just apply to voter identification, although certainly if there's a new law, if you're adding additional identification requirements,

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes, expanded educational programs would certainly help in improving the chances that fewer people would be caught unaware of the new requirement, and therefore maximize their opportunity to vote.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  That's right.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  In our studies we have not found a direct relationship between identification requirements and voter turnout. We've studied the aggregate level and the individual level for individual voters. We found instead—and this is backed up by the majority of political science theory on vo

Procedure and House Affairs committee  I do, thank you.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Thank you. My name is Jason Mycoff. I am an associate professor of political science at the University of Delaware. The first thing I'd like to do is thank the committee for inviting me to testify. I'm very honoured, and I hope that I can answer any questions you might have abou