Justice committee  I just wanted to add that we recently conducted a systematic literature review. We gathered all available medical and epidemiological literature. We found that more than 400 disease conditions are associated with FASD, and the second-largest group was mental and behavioural disorders.

Justice committee  I will give just general answers to that— [Technical difficulty--Editor]

Justice committee  Thank you very much for this question. Actually, right now, you have given me a brilliant idea for further research, because such numbers don't exist but it would be great to estimate and show the difference. Thank you.

Justice committee  Thank you very much. I just wanted to add about the prevalence of FASD. We don't know the true prevalence of FASD in the population of Canada. We have very outdated estimates, which were adopted from the United States. We believe it's only 1% of the population. Currently we are conducting a population-based study among elementary school children, and hopefully, in a year or so we will have a better idea about the prevalence of FASD in the general population.

Justice committee  Yes, it's correct. We recently estimated that the cost of corrections was associated with $378 million per year, annual cost. We were not able to estimate the cost associated with police and corrections because the data actually doesn't exist. I think more importantly I would just reiterate that based on justice statistics in Canada, data and epidemiological data, we estimated that youths with FASD were 19 times more likely to be incarcerated than youth without FASD in any given year in Canada.

Justice committee  Hello, everyone. I just wanted to add to the medical and epidemiological evidence that I presented two weeks ago. I want to remind you that 90% of people with FASD suffer from conduct behavioural problems and disruptive behavioural impulsivity; 80% have receptive and expressive language deficit; and 70% have developmental and cognitive disorders and developmental delays.

Justice committee  Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you very much for this invitation. I am an epidemiologist. I am a senior scientist from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. I am also an assistant professor at the University of Toronto in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in the Faculty of Social Work.

Justice committee  It will be hard for you to follow. I know we are short of time so my first slides are dedicated to FAS and FASD in general, but I will skip them and go into the prevalence of FAS and FASD in Canada. Actually, because I am an epidemiologist, I prepared data on the prevalence, co-morbidity burden, and cost associated with FASD.