Electoral Reform committee  No, there's nothing. In either the case of that table that I compiled for you or the New Zealand case, there are no tests that I've excluded. I just wrote down on a piece of paper before I did my testimony which tests I would do, and I did them.

Electoral Reform committee  Until what year?

Electoral Reform committee  No, because they're not opposed—and the definition is very clear in the brief I gave you—to legal immigration. Now, their politics turn on immigration in a way that we should hope ours never do.

Electoral Reform committee  I don't regard France as a PR country. I regard France as a majoritarian country.

Electoral Reform committee  Yes.

Electoral Reform committee  Yes, and in other countries as well.

Electoral Reform committee  To be sure, those parties are now in government. They're in government.

Electoral Reform committee  I have two comments. To start with your second observation, my only observation is that if you want to look at cross-national evidence and take all the good things that are higher on average in PR countries, you should take the negative things as well. It appears to me that you'

Electoral Reform committee  If this committee and members of Parliament more generally feel that it's important to have an equal number of men and women not only running but winning seats, there are administrative changes you can take to that effect. Frankly, you can do what the NDP has done for a long ti

Electoral Reform committee  Thank you. It's a very good question. I think the committee shouldn't be too hopeful that changing an electoral system is going to have a large number of effects, either positive or negative, on things like macroeconomic outcomes or budget management. It seems to me that these t

Electoral Reform committee  Yes.

Electoral Reform committee  I want to go back to the first point you made, which is that we would never make changes. We can make distinctions between issues of rights versus issues of how we decide to have an election. Our court has not said—quite the opposite, actually—that we have to have PR as a matte

Electoral Reform committee  I live in High Park.

Electoral Reform committee  Now to your point—sorry—of whether there should be political representation across the country, yes, there should. I should tell you that my view is that it's failed in our country on several occasions, as you've noted. That said, if we are concerned about the permanent regiona

Electoral Reform committee  Oh, it's unqualified. It's absolutely a good thing.