Foreign Affairs committee  Thank you.

Foreign Affairs committee  I'll answer your second question first. If Canada were to sanction an actor without the support of either the United States or the European Union, the effect would be pretty negligible. Obviously, that person would presumably still be able to do business in most of the major fina

Foreign Affairs committee  Thank you for your question. I want to make sure I understand. To clarify, are you asking me whether or not there's sufficient data to determine the degree to which different countries that impose sanctions feel the effects of them, or the way in which different countries develo

Foreign Affairs committee  Okay. Right. That makes sense. In terms of the costs on the imposing country, it gets complicated. There have been far fewer studies on the costs of sanctions on the sender country, the sanctioning country. The few studies I have seen on these are not all that good, frankly,

Foreign Affairs committee  No. I would pretty much agree with Ms. Lester's testimony with respect to the frustration that I think the European private sector faces with respect to the way the EU sanctions are implemented, as opposed to the way that OFAC handles U.S. sanctions. Indeed, I would suggest that

Foreign Affairs committee  Again, I think with Magnitsky the question is always, what do you want to get out of the sanctions? In other words, do you see the sanctions as a tool of punishment for prior bad acts? This, in some way, is what the Magnitsky sanctions did. Part of the problem in terms of evalua

Foreign Affairs committee  I am indeed. Thank you very much for the opportunity to testify. I'll give a little bit of background about myself. I'm a professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy outside of Boston. My area of expertise is not legal, but rather in internat