Fisheries committee  I'm not completely familiar with the definitions of FAO, but I know there's a strong push in the conservation community to move toward the IUCN definitions and to have an IUCN category for each of our own MPAs.

Fisheries committee  The 30%, as Boris said earlier, is a national goal. There's nothing that says that around Newfoundland specifically 30% of the waters would need to be closed to fishing. I would argue, however, that the people of Newfoundland have been the first to experience a failure of fishe

Fisheries committee  Possibly, but I don't think we can shift the blame completely to other nations for this particular problem.

Fisheries committee  Yes, I agree that fishing along with climate change, I guess, are the major threats to marine life, but marine protected areas are about more than just addressing fishing.

Fisheries committee  Indeed, I completely agree. There's an increasing number of non-lethal methods to estimate the density of fish and other invertebrates. That includes, for example, using sound to estimate population abundance.

Fisheries committee  I think that was shown fairly clearly in one of Dr. Worm's slides in his presentation. It showed a range of other management measures that include, for example, regulating take, regulating gear, and so on. There are a variety of other measures that regulate various aspects of fis

Fisheries committee  Do you mean in terms of spatial management?

Fisheries committee  Anything to do with fisheries management, regulating gear, regulating quotas, and all of that, I see all of those as tools that are complementary to spatial closures.

Fisheries committee  Fairly easily, I think. Right now, a lot of consultation goes on, and the location of MPAs and the level of protection that we afford in those MPAs are the results of compromise between the biological benefits of MPAs and the perceived socio-economic impacts, which are often perc

Fisheries committee  In a larger portion of our MPAs, definitely. We're still talking about a tiny fraction of the total area of our oceans.

Fisheries committee  We have to see the extent to which the displacement of people from the small areas that are no take in the ocean actually results in economic hardship for people.

Fisheries committee  I don't think it's a matter of consultation as much as of research to establish whether there are real costs to closing small portions of the ocean.

Fisheries committee  We do know—

Fisheries committee  Yes.

Fisheries committee  How do we evaluate their impact? By that, do you mean their success or their effectiveness at rebuilding populations or...?