Status of Women committee  I think I talked about this earlier on. The experience, particularly of immigrant women, most of whom are racialized, is that they have the responsibility for sexual reproduction in their home, so they have the responsibility of looking after the children. That has a very direct

Status of Women committee  It allows for different employers to be subject to the same conditions, so that it is not just the conscientious employers who are doing this, but that all employers are held to the same standard. I think the other thing to be said is that if employers who are operating in a so

Status of Women committee  I will just add that underlying all of this is the undervaluation of both international qualifications and experience, and the overvaluation of Canadian experience and qualifications. This is really what we're talking about. We're talking about racialization, the association betw

Status of Women committee  That's what I'm talking about in terms of this question. A key factor is the undervaluation of the human capital of racialized workers. When employers make decisions around whom they're going to hire and whom they're going to pay at what rate, they take into account who is in fro

Status of Women committee  We have just come out of a five-year study looking at southern Ontario and at precarious employment in that area. The data show that women, especially single women with children, are some of the most disadvantaged in terms of the proportion of that population engaged in precari

Status of Women committee  I'm taking notes.

Status of Women committee  We don't have data on that. I should tell you that I just spent six months in Africa, and although African women are incredibly resourceful, they are some of the poorest women on earth, so it doesn't necessarily translate. The opportunity and the resourcefulness that come with en

Status of Women committee  There is some other data, not in our report, that addresses this question of what people now refer to as social capital. The literature shows that people with “contacts” are more likely to get employed than those with limited contacts. That has an impact on some immigrant cohorts

Status of Women committee  Yes, but I hope that all of us are familiar with the concept of an old boys' network and that there's a reason why that cohort—that village, that network—tends to have the highest levels of income and access to preferred jobs. Those networks are not easy to break into, and the qu

Status of Women committee  The other analysis that is relevant here is understanding the specialization in the labour market context. It's in two forms. There is what is referred to as “statistical”, which is what you're talking about, which is apples to apples. Then there is “systemic”, which is what Shei

Status of Women committee  Other analysis, other research, for instance, has been done using surveys of people using almost identical resumés. In that case, when you control for gender, you get a three-to-one access to those jobs. I think that gives us a sense of what's going on in the labour market in te

Status of Women committee  Well, we haven't done that analysis, but I think it's possible to do that analysis. We look at the census of metropolitan areas and we see the difference between urban and rural settings. You can do that. We don't have that at our fingertips right now.

Status of Women committee  I think it's important when we're dealing with issues of social justice that we not allow complexity to determine what we need to do to address experiences of injustice. I think we are at a level of sophistication right now with regard to pay equity systems that was not available

Status of Women committee  Well, say who's included and then—

Status of Women committee  It is 19.2% in 2011.