National Defence committee  I think one of the key things is that you have to follow the principle of “do no harm”. The reality is that if you're not willing to stay the requisite amount of time to see through some of the activities that you're supporting, then it's better not to intervene at all.

National Defence committee  How do you define “hybrid warfare”? Is it in terms of the—

National Defence committee  First of all, absolutely I included that—a resurgent Russia and an increasingly aggressive posture—as one of the reasons that NATO needs to continue to survive and thrive. There's no doubt about that. These are facts, so I take the point. What I'm saying is that we have to look a

National Defence committee  NATO can be the connective tissue among the various work that all the NATO allies are doing on cybersecurity. It can also be one of the mechanisms to urge the member states to take this more seriously, to push the members to invest in this area. On top of that, NATO can be the ar

National Defence committee  Yes, and in the context of peacekeeping, Canada has talked about how one of its focuses will be on building the capacity of military and security forces. I think it would be natural if Canada.... Actually, Canadians are often sought after to provide this type of support in the po

National Defence committee  I see it as a stand-alone capacity. That could be knit together with the peacekeeping, of course, but it is its own.... This type of process can be enacted in areas outside of peacekeeping operations.

National Defence committee  Can I say just one thing about the Arctic? Let's not securitize the Arctic based on what's happening elsewhere. Let's not apply the lens of Ukraine to the Arctic, because the Arctic is one area where there's been a surprising array of agreement and co-operation between Russia and

National Defence committee  Right now, NATO contributes to various operations and missions on more of an ad hoc basis. If there's a need for trainers, it will mobilize those trainers from different member states and send them out. What I'm talking about is creating almost standby capacity for this type of r

National Defence committee  Yes. There's no question that.... There's a long history in Europe of trying to create their own collective security mechanisms, and it has largely failed and is not very successful over the long term, while NATO, of course, has been a more enduring force. Obviously, I think ther

National Defence committee  Yes. Although I'm not an expert on sanctions either, and it is a very complicated arena, I think there is some evidence that some smart sanctions, so to speak, can have some impact.

National Defence committee  I agree with Sarah. I think it's absolutely critical to try to keep avenues for dialogue open with Russia. We see, obviously, a very tense situation—pressure is being ratcheted up on both sides to escalate—so I think it's absolutely important to keep talking. At the same time, w

National Defence committee  I am not an expert on this issue, but I do share the concern of some of the civil society organizations that are advocating a prohibition of fully autonomous weapons systems. These are weapons systems where no human is at the joystick. These are targeting people based on algorith

National Defence committee  Yes, and I think we have to. Just as we have with nuclear weapons, with chemical weapons, where we've had very successful control regimes, we should be looking at setting up a global treaty system, a control regime to manage this type of thing. It's going to take co-operation not

National Defence committee  I wear multiple hats in my career. Currently, the bulk of my attention goes to running a not-for-profit think tank, one of Canada's oldest international affairs think tanks. That's a little plug. It's called the Canadian International Council. However I was, for the last five yea

National Defence committee  You were saying borders and co-operative security—I'm not exactly clear. Are you asking how the collective security system is run in light of the fact that there are borders and issues of sovereignty and so on? Yes. In many ways, we are seeing the erosion of the traditional noti