Citizenship and Immigration committee  I would be happy to submit a set of references and notes.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I think a unified, single temporary visa that's agnostic as to the type of work, as you suggest, and that contains a clear pathway to permanent residency and citizenship for those who want it would be fine, with the qualification that it needs to be clear that it keeps families i

Citizenship and Immigration committee  If we're just talking about the asylum and refugee system, and not about the issue of dealing with irregular border crossers, I think most European countries are looking to Canada. There are specific pieces that are worth looking at in European countries. It's worth looking at

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Nigeria has been the largest source country for irregular crossings in Canada. In fact, it was the largest source country for irregular crossings into Italy last year as well. A certain portion of Nigerians are legitimate refugees. There are situations in Nigeria that would qual

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Potentially. It would reduce a load on the policing system, on the immigration and refugee systems. Certainly dispersing these obligations across a number of border crossing points.... I mean, it's not just Roxham Road. It's—

Citizenship and Immigration committee  It's Manitoba as well.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  The other day, I met a young, 17-year-old Syrian man who said he walked across in British Columbia. Now he's been admitted to an exclusive private school and that sort of thing. It's a big load to have to police the border in that way. I mean, everybody gets arrested when they c

Citizenship and Immigration committee  The safe third country agreement is what is causing irregular crossings between entry points on the Canada-U.S. border. There is no other factor. If people could present themselves at a legal crossing point for an asylum claim, they would do so. As I've said before, people are no

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Thank you for that question. I think your colleague, Ms. Rempel, actually raised the key to this problem in the first half of this meeting, in that the delay times and the understaffing of the IRB drive the demand for these irregular crossings. I addressed earlier the problem of

Citizenship and Immigration committee  No, absolutely it's going to stop. This is a temporary instance. One thing we know about—

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Every experience of every country on this is that it won't.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  No, as I said, Europe had a problem with Mediterranean crossings, from 2004 to 2006. Then it basically disappeared for a number of years because European countries made policy choices that shifted that movement from irregular to regular channels. Then it re-emerged in 2011 and th

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I'll let Dr. Bradley respond first and see if I have something to add.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Let me elaborate. I think the concern of the Canadian public is not the numbers of people. It's the way they enter, and secondarily, the extent to which the system processes them slowly. I think if the same number of asylum claimants were presenting themselves at an official cro

Citizenship and Immigration committee  That's the key question here. We need to understand that the irregular crossing problem in Canada, between official crossing points in the Canada-U.S. border, much like the European-Mediterranean problems, is not some floodgate that's opened up that's going to overwhelm the syst