Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  Thanks, I'll answer that question. There's a WMO report that we will have to make available to the committee on the impacts of changing sea ice on Arctic shipping; that's very important. In the context of Canada, one thing I want to raise, which is very important, is that the central Arctic is where we're seeing most of the loss of sea ice.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  I'll start to answer that question. I think the major thing to keep in mind here is that the process driving the enhanced warming that we're seeing in the Arctic is not because of activities that are occurring in the Arctic. We're seeing amplified warming in the north. The process of why this is happening....

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  We'd have to go back to provide actual, hard numbers.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  Again, the important thing to remember here is that the process of enhanced warming occurring in the north is a function of global processes. It's not because of what's happening in the north.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  You can blame any greenhouse gas-emitting processes, of which diesel is one. It's not the diesel that's burning in the north that's driving climate change in the north. It's diesel and other carbon-emitting processes that are occurring globally.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  Yes, exactly. You get frost heave and slumping on the land surface. Changes in permafrost also impact what happens to the water on the land surface. When permafrost melts, that water can now drain into the soil, and that changes a lot of things on the land surface. How we mitigate that is difficult.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs committee  I'll give a few examples. One of the key things with permafrost is that, as it changes, the road surfaces change and ice road shipping seasons are shorter. There are two issues—