Citizenship and Immigration committee  I would add that what's interesting is that my conversations with—

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Thank you. External factors are very important in the analysis. The problem is that the decision‑maker doesn't have the framework for the analysis of the study permit. Again, it's a black box. Unfortunately, we don't know much about this.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  The problem with the dual intent analysis that they are using right now is that it's not as robust as it should be. The policy intervention is that they should revisit this. There should be input from the committee in terms of how this is actually laid out.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  [Inaudible—Editor]

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I will reiterate what Mr. Tao has just said, but I will add that in the history of Chinook, we have found out, at least from snippets of emails that we've received through ATIP disclosures, that QA, or quality assurance, was actually an afterthought. They just cobbled together th

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I absolutely agree with that.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Thank you, Madam Kwan. I absolutely agree with the idea that there should be an ombudsperson who can independently review, from time to time, the decisions that are taken in IRCC. I'll go back to Mr. Brunelle-Duceppe's point in regard to resourcing and transparency. Having that

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Thank you, Mr. Brunelle‑Duceppe. Your question is a very interesting one. The way the artificial intelligence works over time is that we have the human harms framed in the automated system. As Mr. Tao has already mentioned, the problem with the way IRCC proceeds with this system

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Indeed, it's a black box, Mr. Brunelle‑Duceppe.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Yes, we are constantly fighting, especially when it comes to issues affecting people from West Africa. We don't have the statistics and data to know how applications are actually being processed. We've had some clarification on the Chinook process, but we don't have much informa

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Mr. Fotang, would you like to start?

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I also wanted to touch upon dual intent, because that certainly encapsulates a lot of the issues facing a lot of African, and francophone African especially, students coming in from outside Canada to study. It's very interesting that this is actually counterposable with the effo

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Absolutely. Thanks very much.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  If I may, Mr. Seeback, if we're looking for historical origins of Chinook, one might want to ask Mr. Mario Belissimo in Toronto, who has done a detailed study on this. There is an origin story from the Manila visa office called hiraya. We couldn't really talk about stats until th

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I could talk about the stats, for sure, and then I'll talk about what we can seek as Mr. Seeback suggested. You're right. The refusal rates have substantially gone up. I just disaggregated francophone Africa, and per my count, basically what we're seeing is that there's a 27%, e