Industry committee  I'm not an expert on IP and critical minerals. In terms of critical materials that are derived from the mineral, that's more up my alley.

Industry committee  No.

Industry committee  Basically, to synthesize the high-nickel materials at elevated temperature, you have to use the lithium hydroxide. For the lower-nickel-content materials, you can get away with lithium carbonate, which is a bit cheaper, so that's what you do.

Industry committee  Oh, yes, absolutely, lithium carbonate is not irrelevant.

Industry committee  That's correct.

Industry committee  I really don't know the answer to that, but I imagine Electrovaya would source from a North American supplier like Livent, most likely. E-One Moli's manufacturing facilities are in Taiwan at the moment. They're trying to re-establish manufacturing in Canada. The Taiwan plant is p

Industry committee  No.

Industry committee  You really should be talking to the mining guys about this, in my opinion. I think we can really contribute a lot in lithium, graphite, nickel, iron, phosphorus, all these minerals. We have them. We just have to—

Industry committee  My view is maybe a little bit orthogonal to that of many other scientists and researchers. My view is that the future is in the longest-lived batteries possible, so that you minimize the need for recycling. You install a battery in an energy storage facility and it lasts 40 or 50

Industry committee  Yes. That's what you want.

Industry committee  It's not significantly different.

Industry committee  Sure. Lithium carbonate is a chemical that's used to make some of the positive electromaterials for lithium-ion batteries. It's a combination of lithium, carbon and oxygen. It has some very nice properties in that it's quite stable in the air and relatively moisture-insensitive.

Industry committee  If you were making, say, very high-nickel-content positive electromaterials, you would naturally pick lithium hydroxide. If you were making low-nickel-content materials, you would pick lithium carbonate. There are uses for both. You can convert one into the other if you have to.

Industry committee  This again comes to the area of energy density. High-nickel materials will provide larger energy density cells, which translates to a larger driving range. Typically, those materials would give a shorter charge/discharge cycle life, hence a shorter total driving distance for your

Industry committee  I think the lithium producers are able to decide whether they are going to make a carbonate plant or a hydroxide plant. I don't think it's that difficult—and maybe Trevor can set me right here—to have both on site if you want: make one, make the other, either way. But the key is