Public Safety committee  It is effective in the sense that it derails the ability to treat dissent as dissent as opposed to simply making it appear to be, “Oh, well, they're just separate sides of a single issue. Who's possibly to know what the actual sort of truth is?” In this sense, it contributes to a

Public Safety committee  I think it's a difficult topic, and if we're talking about the ways that this most commonly happens through social media, then we need to look very closely at the ways that social media platforms patrol and implement their moderation policies. Too often it's that [Technical diffi

Public Safety committee  Deutsche Welle had a very interesting video that they put out recently. In it, they analyzed various disinformation and fake claims and then explained how they could go through them using available open-source intelligence and how individuals can determine for themselves whether

Public Safety committee  Yes, I think this is a feature of an increasingly interconnected society.

Public Safety committee  There has been some evidence from surveys coming out of Russia that his approval rating has increased. This is probably to be expected. However, if you were to dive into it very closely, there's been a lot of debate over what that means. I'll say, from my own evaluation, that th

Public Safety committee  Having arrived in Canada only last year, I'm not sure I can give you that kind of perspective. However, I have heard reports from colleagues who have been here and said that they have seen it mainly manifesting through social media, especially through YouTube channels.

Public Safety committee  It does happen. It does not happen directly at the hand of state actors, but usually by way of proxies. This is something that is fairly commonly done, especially on social media. You have cut-out accounts—people who advance the Russian state's narratives—and they will specifical

Public Safety committee  First of all, I have to apologize. I'm not sure I got the entire question there.

Public Safety committee  This is something that I've been keeping an eye on. I will say that the impact is differential. It's hitting first in the areas that are already fairly internationalized, especially, for instance, in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Deeper into the country, though, it takes a while f

Public Safety committee  First of all, I'm not opposed to sanctions. I think the problem with sanctions is that oftentimes they do not have the effect of shifting people's understanding that the world has changed without them. The effect of the last round of sanctions from 2014 up until the present crisi

Public Safety committee  I do. I think there are some things that make sense. A lot of this has been focused on, for instance, the cancelling of appearances or competitions by Russian sports competitors. Sports have been an important source of Russia's self-power and an important part of its claim to int

Public Safety committee  I would say, very briefly, yes, it has been effective and it has been a stable part of Russian propaganda.

Public Safety committee  It's an important question. I think the biggest wild card here is awareness of the extent of casualties and whether or not those will actually impact public opinion. At the moment it's difficult to predict, but it is very clear that the number of casualties is being played down

Public Safety committee  I don't want to speculate, because I don't have any specific data on that. I will say this: I think it's well known that Europe turned primarily to Russian energy for what appeared to be a stable alternative to Middle Eastern energy, especially from the 1990s onwards. A lot of

Public Safety committee  I am perhaps biased, being in higher education, but I think education and training can go a long way towards helping people to be able to fight this threat on their own, to be able to recognize that this is disinformation and understand where it comes from and understand that the