National Defence committee  Unfortunately, I don’t have all the information I need to answer that question.

National Defence committee  We have to look at different approaches. CSIS, the RCMP and even federal agencies won’t be able to fix everything. As you said, a lot of the infrastructure that could be considered critical and that is the most vulnerable is at a relatively low level, where there can be fewer res

National Defence committee  I’m not sure I can answer your question. I can tell you that in the US, where I think they realized much sooner that economic espionage by China, for example, is a massive problem, the Obama administration tried a diplomatic approach. At the time, President Obama went to meet h

National Defence committee  I would say that it has its limits, depending on the circumstances.

National Defence committee  It’s not easy to say. Based on the public, open‑source information we use, the type and number of Canadian entities that have been targeted are often unclear. For example, we use reports from cybersecurity firms indicating that Canadian entities were hit. We don’t know whether th

National Defence committee  It’s difficult to give a number because these incidents can take different forms and be more or less aggressive, depending on the person being targeted. In the case of the Uyghur community, it can be extremely aggressive. In other cases, it can take other forms. Last December, fo

National Defence committee  I wouldn’t be able to give you any specific data on that.

National Defence committee  The example we often hear about is a cyberattack on the electrical grid. That could cause a lot of damage. We saw examples of that in Ukraine, in 2015 and 2016, if I remember correctly. Hundreds of thousands of people were without electricity for hours. I don’t know how vulnerabl

National Defence committee  When I mentioned transparency… It can be for various types of entities. The federal government could be more transparent. Nearly a year ago, Global Affairs Canada was hit by a major cyber incident. My sources give me very good reason to think that Russia was behind the incident

National Defence committee  I don't think I'm in a position to comment on the issue or on the link that there may be between industry concentration and infrastructure vulnerability. I feel that what is going to be more important than market dispersion is redundancy of infrastructure, as well as having back

National Defence committee  I think we will need to think about that, yes. People are thinking about these things in the US, particularly since the ransomware cyberattack against Colonial Pipeline. On the surface, on paper, this incident could have been like any other ransomware attack, but it ended up hav

National Defence committee  I’ll answer in French, if I may. My opinion is that yes, there should be more transparency. Of course, as researchers, we are biased because we want more information to do our work, but I think it is obviously in the public interest to have more transparency. What we see is that

National Defence committee  In the case of the Group of Five, it's a bit of a potluck. Everyone is supposed to bring something to eat and then we share what's there.

National Defence committee  I am not in a position to answer that. Unfortunately, I don't sit on the Group of Five committees and I don't have any inside information on that. However, the secondary view I can give is that, for many researchers and many people who work on this, Canada is not seen as a playe

National Defence committee  It is true Canada did not shine particularly brightly in this regard. It may have looked like we were following the trend rather than making a firm and determined decision. In my view, there are a lot of factors involved. What I often hear, from foreign colleagues in particular,