Science and Research committee  I'm going to relate it to—

Science and Research committee  Yes. Maybe I'll just echo what you said. Having that holistic perspective allows us to look not only at the ecosystem interactions but also at the socio-ecological actions of people as components of the whole system, which is something that traditional marine ecologists don't tend to do and that can often leave out a big part of the picture and drivers of change.

Science and Research committee  I can start.

Science and Research committee  The last sentence was kind of off the cuff, but what I believe I was trying to say was.... I'll just summarize. Western science, Eurocentric science, the science Simon Fraser University and this institution has protocols to and subscribes to, considers much of our evidence-based processes and the generation of knowledge as being devoid of values, yet it's often not, because values influence the kinds of questions we ask, the kind of data we consider legitimate and the data we collect.

Science and Research committee  Could you repeat the question in French? I'll listen to the interpretation this time.

Science and Research committee  Okay. I understand the question. Thank you. That is a fantastic question. It's one answer to one of our previous questions about some of the differences between indigenous knowledge and Eurocentric or western science. Eurocentric or western science tends to consider itself devoid of values, beliefs and spirituality.

Science and Research committee  I'd like to answer you in French, but it would be too difficult for me, so I'll answer you in English instead. You asked me and gave me time again to talk about western science and indigenous knowledge and how they can be brought together to inform policy. I think you heard some great examples from Russ Jones, Barbara Wilson and Bruce.

Science and Research committee  Sure. I'll echo some of the topics that Bruce has brought up and I'll add. Fundamentally, I think you need to ask first. The first thing you need to do to start building any relationship is ask for the interest and then the formal consent. That can only be given by specific people within a community, so you need to ask who the people are who make the decisions.

Science and Research committee  Indigenous nations across the Pacific developed a diversity of fishing and mariculture technologies, such as the octopus houses you just heard about from K_ii'iljuus, and clam gardens and fish ponds, all of which maintained the persistence of populations of a diversity of marine species.

Science and Research committee  Indigenous knowledge can't be extracted from the people and processes that govern this knowledge. Just as evidence becomes legitimate through peer review in Eurocentric knowledge systems like the one I operate in, indigenous knowledge also is developed and governed through nation-specific protocols.

Science and Research committee  Our third recommendation is that indigenous knowledge can be and should be used to develop solutions to contemporary challenges and crises. Today's challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss and social inequities are by no means new, although their magnitude is certainly unprecedented.

Science and Research committee  We're here to provide you with information, recommendations and encouragement. The work that you're doing here is going to be of great benefit to our country and to the world.