Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act

An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (electoral representation)

This bill is from the 44th Parliament, 1st session, which ended in January 2025.

Sponsor

Dominic LeBlanc  Liberal

Status

This bill has received Royal Assent and is now law.

Summary

This is from the published bill. The Library of Parliament has also written a full legislative summary of the bill.

This enactment amends section 51 of the Constitution Act, 1867 to provide that, when the number of members of the House of Commons and the representation of the provinces in that House are readjusted on the completion of each decennial census, a province will not have fewer members assigned to it than were assigned during the 43rd Parliament. It also includes transitional measures providing for the application of that amendment to the readjustment of electoral boundaries under the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act following the 2021 decennial census.

Elsewhere

All sorts of information on this bill is available at LEGISinfo, an excellent resource from Parliament. You can also read the full text of the bill.

Bill numbers are reused for different bills each new session. Perhaps you were looking for one of these other C-14s:

C-14 (2020) Law Economic Statement Implementation Act, 2020
C-14 (2020) Law COVID-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2
C-14 (2016) Law An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying)
C-14 (2013) Law Not Criminally Responsible Reform Act

Votes

May 17, 2022 Passed Time allocation for Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (electoral representation)

Debate Summary

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This is a computer-generated summary of the speeches below. Usually it’s accurate, but every now and then it’ll contain inaccuracies or total fabrications.

Bill C-14 amends the Constitution Act of 1867 to ensure that no province has fewer seats in the House of Commons than it did in the 43rd Parliament. This updates the "grandfather clause," establishing a new minimum seat allocation based on 2021 levels rather than 1985. The bill aims to protect representation for smaller and slower-growing provinces, particularly Quebec, while allowing for incremental seat increases in faster-growing provinces.

Liberal

  • Protecting provincial representation: The Liberals propose amending the Constitution Act to ensure no province has fewer seats than it did in 2021, establishing a new "grandfather clause". This is to protect smaller, slower-growing provinces while still allowing larger provinces to gain seats due to population growth.
  • Maintaining Quebec's voice: A key motivation for the bill is to prevent Quebec from losing a seat, recognizing the importance of protecting the French language, culture, and identity within Canada. By guaranteeing Quebec 78 seats, the bill aims to maintain its strong voice in the House of Commons.
  • Support for independent process: The bill supports the independent electoral boundaries commissions, which redraw electoral boundaries in each province according to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act. This process is described as predetermined, transparent, and designed to mitigate political advantage.
  • Consideration of House size: While supporting the bill, some members raise concerns about the increasing size of the House of Commons and its impact on parliamentary privilege and the ability of individual MPs to effectively represent their constituents, especially in large rural ridings. There are thoughts on capping the number of seats.

Conservative

  • Supports bill C-14: Conservative members expressed support for Bill C-14, noting it preserves the redistribution formula established by the Fair Representation Act in 2011 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. This Act added 30 seats to the House of Commons. It updates the baseline from 1985 to 2015 and ensures no province will have fewer seats than in the 43rd Parliament.
  • Effective representation matters: Conservatives believe that effective representation, as defined by the Supreme Court, is paramount. This means considering factors beyond population size, such as geography, communities of interest, and minority representation, to ensure diverse voices are heard and regions are fairly represented.
  • Representation by population: While emphasizing effective representation, Conservatives also advocate for representation by population, aiming to ensure that each Canadian's vote carries equal weight regardless of location. They acknowledge the impracticability of pure representation by population but strive for it to the greatest degree possible.
  • Concerns remain: Some Conservatives expressed concerns about the bill being a band-aid solution and the potential for future under-representation of faster-growing provinces like Alberta, B.C., and Ontario. They would also like to see reforms in other areas, such as the Senate, to provide better regional balance in Canadian government.

NDP

  • Supports guaranteed seats for Quebec: The NDP supports Bill C-14 because it guarantees a minimum of 78 seats for Quebec in the House of Commons, which they see as an important and fundamental principle. This position stems from negotiations with the Liberal government and aligns with the principle of minimum representation for provinces and territories.
  • Need for proportional representation: While supporting the bill, NDP members also advocate for proportional representation to ensure that the composition of the House of Commons accurately reflects the votes cast by Canadians. They point out that proportional representation would result in more NDP members and fewer members from other parties, better aligning with voter preferences.
  • Expand voting rights: The NDP supports lowering the voting age to 16, arguing that young people are already contributing to society and should have a voice in decisions that affect their future. They highlight the bill introduced by the member for Skeena—Bulkley Valley and emphasize the importance of engaging young people in the democratic process.
  • Address democratic deficits: NDP members raised concerns about democratic deficits related to riding size, particularly in rural and northern regions, and the need to ensure fair access to MPs and government services for all citizens. They emphasized the importance of maintaining regional balance and diverse representation in Parliament.

Bloc

  • Bill C-14 inadequate: The Bloc Québécois believes Bill C-14, while seemingly a step in the right direction, ultimately fails to protect Quebec's political weight in the House of Commons, despite guaranteeing a minimum of 78 seats. Members argue that by not addressing the proportion of seats, the bill institutionalizes the minoritization of Quebec.
  • Focus on political weight: The Bloc emphasizes that the number of seats and political weight are not the same, and the bill's focus on preserving a set number of seats without addressing the proportion of Quebec's representation is insufficient. Members propose alternatives like the 'nation clause' to guarantee Quebec 25% of the seats in the House, reflecting its status as a nation.
  • Protecting Quebec's language: Members argue that decreasing Quebec's political weight will diminish its ability to defend the French language and culture. The Bloc accuses the Liberal government of hypocrisy, citing instances where federal members protested Quebec's language laws.
  • Historical perspective: The Bloc emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding Quebec's unique position and the need to actively defend its political power. Members highlight the ongoing struggle to maintain Quebec's distinct identity and prevent assimilation.

Green

  • Supports the bill: The Green Party supports Bill C-14, finding it to be a reasonable piece of legislation with wide support from many parties.
  • Wants an evergreen bill: The party questions why the bill refers specifically to the 43rd Parliament and suggests creating an evergreen version to avoid repeating the process every 10 years after the census review.
  • Wants additional promises fulfilled: The Green party wants to see the promises made in the Liberal-NDP supply and confidence agreement fulfilled by expanding election day to three days, allowing voting at any polling place within a district, and improving mail-in ballot processes.
  • Proportional representation: The party is disappointed that the bill does not address the need for proportional representation, which would ensure that every vote counts and lead to a more diverse, stable, and collaborative government.
  • Support Bill C-210: The Green Party encourages support for Bill C-210, which proposes reducing the voting age to 16 to engage young people in their future and ingrain good voting habits at a younger age.
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Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:10 p.m.

Bloc

René Villemure Bloc Trois-Rivières, QC

Madam Speaker, it is an honour for me to speak to Bill C-14 today. We are talking about representative democracy, and representative democracy is about being present, being seen and being heard.

The numerous studies on demography tell us that democracies today must have three characteristics to be worthy of this moniker. Those three characteristics are representativeness, trustworthiness and legitimacy.

As far as representativeness is concerned, Bill C‑14 proposes to maintain Quebec's seat count. That is representative, to a degree. However, there is a loss of political weight, so it somewhat misses the mark in terms of representativeness. As far as trustworthiness is concerned, we are living in an untrustworthy world. Finally, as far as legitimacy is concerned, doubts are creeping in about democracy.

It is therefore very important to be able to determine exactly what is coming down the line. There is consensus about maintaining the 78 seats, as requested by Quebec. However, not maintaining Quebec's weight is unacceptable to us. I simply cannot wholeheartedly endorse this bill.

If we allow Quebec's weight to decline, there will—

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:10 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

I apologize to the member for interrupting, but I must ask the House to quiet down. I would like to hear the member.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:10 p.m.

Bloc

René Villemure Bloc Trois-Rivières, QC

Madam Speaker, if we allow Quebec's political weight to decline, there will be heightened vigilance. What is vigilance? Vigilance is keeping a close eye out to attenuate or avoid harm. We will have to be vigilant, especially with respect to the French language, culture and the economic Francophonie.

Last weekend, I participated in a meeting to evaluate the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie's statutes. We had a chance to put some questions to a representative of the OECD, which is headquartered in Paris, and she told us about a set of principles on artificial intelligence. When we read the principles, I asked her who had done the work. She said that people from Egypt, Barcelona, anglophones and some people from Montreal, such as Mr. Bengio, had gone to Paris. I asked her what language people used to talk about the principles in Paris, and she said that the discussion took place in English. Imagine. All those people gathered in Paris, speaking English.

What was interesting was that you could see from reading the principles that the work was bilingual. I have nothing against the English language, but there is a thought process at work in the English language, just as there is a thought process at work in the French language. What I object to is the single mindset. If we are forced to operate more and more in English, we lose some of the thinking involved. Researchers who write and create in French and who translate their own thoughts lose out a little, but it is society as a whole that really loses out.

When I talk about being vigilant and maintaining our political weight, I am also talking about preserving a way of thinking, a capacity to create, a capacity to be different for the common good of all. The appointment of a Governor General who speaks only English and a similar situation in New Brunswick have been denounced in the House.

This also brings to mind the whole Julie Payette scandal from two years ago, when she was Governor General. I asked the Privy Council Office for a copy of the investigation report, but I was told, and I quote:

“The report...was produced in English [and] is being released in the language in which it exists.”

That makes no sense. The report was later translated at my insistence, since it was available only in English. I am not saying that it was conceived in English, but that it was not available in French. I can read English, but this was unacceptable.

It is because of things like this that I talk about vigilance, about monitoring, in order to avoid or mitigate harm. Bill C‑14 does not meet Quebec's demands. With this bill, we do not lose seats, but we begin to disintegrate. At some point, we will assimilate and disappear. What will we be able to say once we have lost our voice? The answer is nothing.

Before we reach the point where we are able to do nothing more than wave in the hope that some benevolent soul offers help, we must act and we must resist. For Quebec, Bill C‑14 is a call to resistance, a call to not give in to uniformity of thought in terms of tastes, ideas, and existence. Fernando Pessoa once said that to die is to slip out of view. With Bill C‑14, Quebec slips out of view.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

It being 6:16 p.m., pursuant to order made Tuesday, May 17, it is my duty to interrupt the proceedings and put forthwith every question necessary to dispose of the second reading stage of the bill now before the House.

The question is on the motion. Shall I dispense?

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Some hon. members

Agreed.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

If a member of a recognized party present in the House wishes to request a recorded division or that the motion be adopted on division, I would invite them to rise and indicate it to the Chair.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Liberal

Mark Gerretsen Liberal Kingston and the Islands, ON

Madam Speaker, I would request that we carry that unanimously.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Conservative

John Brassard Conservative Barrie—Innisfil, ON

On division.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

The vote is therefore carried on division.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Liberal

Kevin Lamoureux Liberal Winnipeg North, MB

Madam Speaker, the parliamentary secretary to the government House leader (Senate) had asked if we could have the vote carried unanimously, and the response to that was no, they would like to have a recorded vote.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Conservative

John Brassard Conservative Barrie—Innisfil, ON

No. We actually said, “On division.”

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Liberal

Kevin Lamoureux Liberal Winnipeg North, MB

Yes. There is a difference between—

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

The hon. parliamentary secretary said, “Unanimously.” That was the request I received. The hon. member for Barrie—Innisfil then said, “On division.”

I was asking for guidance because it is the first time I have been faced with that. I was told that it would be carried on division.

The hon. parliamentary secretary to the government House leader (Senate).

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

Liberal

Mark Gerretsen Liberal Kingston and the Islands, ON

Madam Speaker, in that case I would request a recorded division.

Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons ActGovernment Orders

May 18th, 2022 / 6:15 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Mrs. Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

I do not think we can go back. I have already said, “On division.”