That's an excellent question. You're ultimately talking about the entire vehicle lifecycle, that is, production of the vehicle, including its battery, use and disposal.
On pages 8 and 9 of the brief I sent you on Monday, we discuss an analysis that was conducted by the National Research Council of Canada. That analysis shows that, in Quebec, for the entire lifecycle, including battery production, the greenhouse gas emissions of partial and fully electric vehicles are 35% to 55% lower than those of an equivalent gas vehicle. Even in Alberta, where electricity production is not as clean, an electric vehicle is still cleaner than a gas vehicle. Regardless of the sources used for electrical generation or battery production, a partial or full electric vehicle is still cleaner than a gas vehicle.
In addition, since 2013, battery production has vastly improved from an environmental standpoint, as a result of which its environmental impact has declined by 60%. Emissions from battery production and battery lifecycle will decline by a factor of 8 by 2030. I can send you documents on that subject later. Batteries pollute less and less because we're discovering increasingly efficient manufacturing methods that make electric vehicles cleaner and cleaner over time.