Yes. The highest rate of renewable deployment that we've seen in Canada is about 10 gigawatts. That happened between about 2011 and 2015. That was sort of our record for wind and solar deployments. Moving forward, what we'll need to see, on average, is about 50 gigawatts, or about a fivefold increase, in addition to previous deployment levels.
The good news is that wind—and to a lesser extent solar, but wind in particular—is already competitive in market forces. Private investors are already doing a lot of the investment in that, so I think signalling, as far as the deployment of wind goes.... The price on carbon really helps to make wind more competitive, but I think de-risking those investments and making the permitting processes for those investments, particularly in wind...would be really helpful.
I think what we're going to see is that as soon as those provinces get to 30% or 40% penetration of wind on their systems—if we look at other jurisdictions—they're going to start running into operational issues around variability. That's really where that transmission interconnection piece comes into play. The reason I'm pushing more on the transmission piece right now is that we're seeing that this will be an issue on the horizon.
The process of building interprovincial transmission is just so time-consuming, especially if we want to do it properly and if we want to do it in collaboration with indigenous communities. It's a lengthy process. That's why we really have to start on that now.