I see two major gaps.
First is improving our modelling capability in general, so that we can explore deep decarbonization. One thing that I think is happening, especially with electrification, is that our energy systems are becoming a lot more intertwined with one another. Even this conversation about EVs is really a linking of the transport system and the power system, which have historically been distinct. That introduces a lot of complexity in terms of navigating pathways and understanding the implications of power system prices on EV charging and vice versa. There's a lot of complexity there, so we need more modelling capability to be able to explore that.
That really ties to the second thing, which is that it's becoming more interdependent, so we need more voices in the room. We need more stakeholders. We can't really be sitting in our silos anymore where, for example, a power systems engineer is just looking at the power system, or a transportation engineer...or someone is just thinking about indigenous rights. We actually need all of those voices in the same room at the same time. Then we need to be able to take those insights and give them to the decision-makers who can make use of them and who are actually designing the policies and turning those things into action.
I think our biggest gap in Canada is that we don't have that linkage in the way that the States and Europe have institutions that really link modelers to decision-makers. It can be quite an effective thing. I think that's been one of our big gaps.