I really appreciate the way you framed it because both of the questions within that—around the merits of models and what you do with those models—tie into each other.
I alluded to this earlier. Essentially, you want your models and your policy frameworks to reflect system dynamics in the real world as much as possible. The more untethered they are from what's actually happening in the real world, the farther you will fall away from the outcomes you want across the board.
If the outcomes in question are emissions reductions and you're only focused on emissions reductions and are assuming there will be technologies deployed that aren’t actually ready for market deployment at scale, your alternative is decarbonization through deindustrialization. The cost of that is massive.
You are right that picking winners and losers is not a way to do this, because it neglects the way the markets work and how responsible governments can be part of creating solutions that are in line with market economics.