It is conceivable that warrants may be required in some cases. When we recommend that legislation define “allowable” and “prohibited” uses, we have in mind categories of circumstances, such as serious crime, however parliamentarians may want to define it. It's that kind of thing. It's not a case-by-case authorization.
We come closer in our recommendations when we say that there should be “program-level authorization or advanced notification before use”. That's closer to Quebec legislation, whereby a police body would come to an independent regulator and say they want to use FRT in the following use case—not an individual circumstance, but a group of cases—which would then be discussed with the data protection authority and approved at the program level. That's closer to individual authorization.
It's not inconceivable that, in some cases, individual warrants would be issued by a judge for an individual case, but that's not our starting point.