Thank you, Michael.
The government has in fact made huge changes in the way it actually approaches research and development. The investments in various mechanisms--CFI, Canada research chairs, and the indirect costs--have been extraordinarily important for the university sector in particular.
As dean of arts and science, I'm responsible for recruiting approximately 50 academics a year to my university, and approximately half of them are outside of Canada. Approximately 30% of our graduate students come from outside of Canada. Approximately 20% of our undergraduates now come from outside of Canada. We see these investments as actually being extraordinarily important in Canada's position within the world as a leader in research and development, and in fact attracting talent to Canada. Most of these people stay and actually contribute to the economy. These are extraordinarily intelligent people.
That's the university sector that is actually playing that particular role. Indirect cost was a very significant element of that investment. I think the 40% goal that was set by the former government was an appropriate goal. It has clearly made a huge difference getting halfway there, and that's approximately where we're at, at the moment.
On the astronomy file, it has made a significant difference to have even the 20% of indirect costs, to really be able to capture all of the productivity and the impact that the university sector is able to add with that.