So, it is possible to have treaties without a protocol. In other words, you have the power to seek information, but if you cannot exercise it, you won't get very far.
On page 6, you said something that struck me, and that is why this kind of analysis is necessary. You say that there is a new OECD standard according to which tax havens that sign 12 TIEAs will be removed from the grey or black list and added to the white list.
First of all, 12 agreements doesn't seem like much out of a total of 192 countries. Furthermore, they are signing agreements among themselves. What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours, as they say. That's the way it works.