I think that in many cases we can find hard goals. Rather than creating several programs to achieve that goal, we can have one program that is easy for everyone to understand.
In terms of wasted programs, I think the Canada learning bond is an excellent example to learn from. This is an RESP contribution made by the government to children in low-income families. Only 15% of children who are eligible are actually receiving that bond. It is costless; all the parents have to do is open an account, and they aren't getting it. That's a great example.
The various tax credits don't really change behaviour. I get a tax credit for my child's pass at the Y. It doesn't change anything; that has been shown in the data as well.
I think there is a huge case here for just simplifying the system so that everyone knows exactly what the goal is and how to get there.