In general, it anticipates that there could be a dispute. That's because the convention itself allocates the taxing rights. It's through, sometimes, the allocation of the taxing rights that there can be a dispute as to who has appropriately applied the tax.
Sometimes there's a shared taxing right; sometimes there's a maximum taxing right; and sometimes, in cases of transfer pricing, there can be a dispute in terms of the application of the arm's-length principle. Thus, it does provide a mechanism whereby the two tax authorities of their respective countries can get together to resolve the dispute and determine the taxation in each country so that there's no double tax for the individual, or the taxpayer.