Absolutely the air strikes have the effects that you just outlined. Everything that has been witnessed by humanitarian operators on the ground and that you described is correct. On the other hand, as a sort of stopgap measure, they proved necessary, for example to prevent the overrunning of Sulaymaniyah and Erbil in the Kurdish regional government areas. Those are some of the parts of Iraq that are just about functional, where a semblance of normal life goes on. I'm afraid there is no easy answer because all the negative effects that you just described are right and correct. You're absolutely right, but on the other hand, when push came to shove a few weeks ago, these air strikes steadied the nerves of, for example, peshmerga and Kurdish fighters who were also about to flee.
I think the broader point is—and I think everybody agrees on that—that these can be interpreted. Air strikes can be interpreted only as emergency stopgap measures, and because of exactly that, they do create recruits for insurgent groups, be it Islamic State or others. They have to be accompanied by a political process that may verge on extreme pressure on the Iraqi government, that may verge almost on encroachment. Otherwise it's sort of a vicious circle. Yes, it has to be said that, from a military point of view, they prevented the overrunning of Erbil, for example.