I look at this issue with great humility. I'm sure there are people who can parse the issue much more carefully than I can.
I admit that in providing university-level scholarships, essentially what we're trying to do is perpetuate an elite, trying to ensure the sustainability of a western-oriented elite. We are not talking about transforming societies in which the demographic base everywhere—in Morocco, Egypt, Yemen, the population-dense countries—has a part of their demographic pyramid that is never going to be exposed to advanced education, or certainly to western-style education. In a country such as Pakistan, a few western scholarships are not going to replace the madrasa system.
I am not suggesting that this solution would be sufficient, but I think it's a useful input, because we want at least part of the elites of these countries to still retain some cosmopolitan values. I think there is a fair amount of evidence, looking over the decades, of how an intervention with an 18-year-old who comes to get an undergraduate degree or comes for graduate school sometimes is so inspiring that those people go on to become leaders in their own countries. I think we can be reasonably confident that they are contributors to a more positive relationship with the west.
It's not sufficient. I'm not suggesting that we could ever provide enough schooling or access to scholarships to transform these societies at the base. That has to be done at the primary education level within those countries themselves.