You may know that over the last year and a half or so, the UN has looked at how UN peacekeeping troops and the troop-contributing countries can do better civilian protection. I'm not talking about SEA—if you know what SEA is. I'm talking about just protecting civilians.
There were a number of studies done, and I was part of two special investigations into attacks on the protection of civilian sites in South Sudan that the Secretary-General launched in 2016. Out of that came what is called the POC, or protection of civilians—accountability framework for mission leadership, meaning that all parts of the mission—the military, the political, the security—are responsible for taking certain types of steps and measures to be proactively and robustly protecting civilians. What these two investigations showed was that there were some failures and some issues with the way that civilians were not protected in those POC sites, as they are called.
There has been a lot of work done on it. The answers are clear; they are there. The UN has taken it very seriously and brought forward this framework, which all generals and political leaders have to sign up to and commit to, and then are held accountable for it.
Then there are other initiatives under way too within the UN.