Increasingly when using UN sanctions, when we did the assessment in terms of impact and effectiveness, human rights are not commonly the primary purpose, but they are a purpose for numerous sanctions regimes that the UN implements. In fact, there has been an evolution in which we've actually gotten more specific with regard to human rights abuses. Sexual and gender-based violence has become a basis for designations. Working with, for example, NGOs in the area, providing information to UN panels of experts, to national governments, they can provide that kind of information to target individuals who are violating the sanctions.
I think it's very important, but it's not easy, and it's not the sole...we tend to focus on sanctions because it's something that we can do, that governments can put in place, but there are a variety of different things that can be done. I think it's a problem when we expect too much of sanctions. To the extent that what we can do is to work multilaterally to get as much in UN Security Council resolutions, requiring attention to human rights abuses, and then follow up with implementation, I think that's important. Again, it goes back to implementation. There are provisions in UN Security Council resolutions, which many member states don't implement, so at some point you need to provide the capacity to help them implement. Ultimately, it's not a popular thing with many governments, but if they're not implementing then you should think about secondary sanctions.
Again, it's not a popular notion with a number of governments, but I think that it's hard to get to the point of secondary sanctions, though, because you don't know whether governments are not complying because it's a lack of capacity and ability or it's willful violations. If we're really serious about implementation, then there has to be enforcement, not just putting out what the objectives are and letting people do as they will.