A country that has the sophistication and the legal basis regulatory system that it does and the confusion that exists.... Think about another member state of the UN, say an African country; trying to understand what the sanctions are intended to do and how to implement them can be overwhelming.
In the past, the African Union has become a regional organization that has imposed its own sanctions aimed at the unconstitutional changes of government. It has asked the UN for help. How do you put a system in place? How do you implement targeted sanctions?
The comprehensive response, the guidance, the types of documents, and how you put in place an implementation and an enforcement mechanism have been very slow in coming.
I suggest if we're struggling in the U.S. and Canada to figure out exactly how to implement, think about other countries. They may not be as sophisticated, but particularly on an arms embargo the number of arms awash in various African countries and contributing to conflict is quite significant, and trying to implement an arms embargo is something that requires...or proliferation-related goods.
These are challenges. I think we've contributed a lot for counterterrorism assistance in the aftermath of 9/11. That has all been very important, but for most countries the only legal basis upon which they implement sanctions is the UN Security Council mandate. It's a chapter 7 mandate. It's required of all member states.
If we're serious about multilateral implementation I think we need to put some support into training and capacity building. In the past, I think the Canadian foreign ministry funded some capacity-building programs.