Yes. That goes back quite some time.
It's good to know that people are still looking at the Interlaken manual. Beyond Interlaken is the Bonn-Berlin...focusing on arms embargoes, aviation sanctions, and individual bans on travel; and then the Stockholm process, which I would commend to you as well.
In the early days, back at the time that was written, there was actually a case in which the UN listed “Big Freddy”— no identifying information, nothing more than the country and the name “Big Freddy”. We've come a long way since then. The UN actually has identifiers to the extent that there's passport...date of birth. Whatever information they can, they put out. I think that's important.
At the time, what we were looking at was that in order to determine the target, you would have to look at the structure within the individual country. It's not a one-size-fits-all, just get the head of the military or just get the head of state. In fact, we don't target the head of state very often. Should you go after families' members, for example, who are travelling, who may be studying in Canada or in the United States? You have to look at the individual circumstances, and that requires effort to understand the country.
Very often the Security Council is reacting to emergency situations. There is not as much forethought. At the particular time we wrote Interlaken, maybe you wanted to capture a broader range at the outset...freeze and release. Freeze a greater number of assets, and then clarify. You don't have the flight of assets that you might have had, had you taken too long to actually implement them.
Those are some of the inherent issues in that. That actually was written, I'm almost embarrassed to say, almost 20 years ago—15, 16 years ago. There's been a lot of advancement in the development of sanctions since then. But it's clearly a situation in which we need to define what it is you're trying to achieve in order to determine the targets. That has gotten better over time with the UN.