Thank you, Chair.
Thanks to both of you for attending today and sharing your insight and expertise.
In the barely six hours of testimony that we have heard in this study on the SEMA and the corrupt foreign officials act, we've heard a great deal with regard to the Canadian situation, where enforcement and/or compliance has as much to do with capacity as it does with the laws. We were told that there are gaps in our laws and that some of our departments and agencies—the RCMP, for example—have capacity issues, and that enforcement of these sorts of sanctions, or crimes for which sanctions have been imposed, is of a lower priority than their anti-terror focus.
I would like to start with a question to you, Mr. Goldman, regarding the harshest enforcement penalty levied. It was in the United States for the BNP Paribas case. I think the penalty was almost $9 billion against that financial institution for channelling many billions of dollars through the United States on behalf of clients in Sudan, Iran, and Cuba.
I'm just wondering, for a penalty of $9 billion, what would you estimate—or do you know—was the capacity cost, the enforcement and prosecution cost, of that particular case?