Thank you very much to you both.
Mr. Drezner, my question is for you. You've written extensively on comprehensive and targeted sanctions. One of the drawbacks of comprehensive sanctions, you say, is the rent-seeking opportunities that governments create for some of their supporters. If we look at targeted sanctions, I believe you said in your testimony that they work 40% of the time. In the last three decades, 80% of sanctions were conveyed upon non-democratic countries. When you target sanctions to an individual, in most cases that person would be in a non-democratic country, so in many cases that person would have state support to in some way avoid sanctions. I'm wondering if there is some way we can make our sanctions regime more effective.
On top of that, you said that after the Iraq situation, the targeted sanctions regime worked better when the Americans were involved because of the financial access to capital. If we put someone in Canada, for example, on a list, but the Americans don't put them on a list, or the EU doesn't put them on a list, how effective is it in targeting that individual?