Thank you, Chair.
Ambassador, thank you for your testimony today and for making yourself available.
We've heard from any number of witnesses about the ineffectiveness of general sanctions against countries. In the case of Russia, the post-Crimea, post-Ukraine invasion, we know that Vladimir Putin's intention, attitude, and behaviour have not changed.
We have also been told that targeted sanctions against some of his criminal associates, some of the oligarchs dealing in money laundering and so forth, do feel the impact of isolation, of being named and shamed, of being ostracized, of being unable in some circumstances, when they're on these various national lists, to travel freely and enjoy their ill-gotten gains in other parts of the world.
I'm just wondering, from your experience and observation, whether you think that targeted sanctions do continue to play an effective role, if not in changing renegade presidents like Vladimir Putin, in discouraging those around him from behaving in a way that might lead to their isolation.