I'll start with a general reflection on treaties and then turn it over to my colleague. I'll tell you the example of the comprehensive test ban treaty, which has not come into force and which a number of countries have not ratified, but since it was negotiated there is only one country in the world, North Korea, that has chosen to test nuclear weapons.
The argument that was outlined in my opening statement about the importance of norm building affecting those within and outside treaties certainly applies to the CTBT. It has established an international standard that all but one country in the world has adhered to. It has also created other mechanisms to help countries come into line with it. The CTBT has created a monitoring system that would not have existed without its negotiation. This is simply to say that conventions and norm building are not a perfect science; however, we are confident that having an ATT that describes a standard that applies to those who have chosen to accede will also influence the behaviour of others over time.