That's a great question. In the sport context for health care practitioners there's something called the SCAT5 right now, which is the sport concussion assessment tool. There are a bunch of questions and things they can go through with the athletes to get that first impression of whether they have a concussion or not and whether they suspect an injury, and then go on from there.
If they're not a health care practitioner, there's a tool called the concussion recognition tool, which is a similar thing. Somebody who's not a health care practitioner can use that to try to see if there's a suspected injury, and then go on from there.
In terms of the actual management of the injury, you'll probably recognize the idea of rest, complete cognitive and physical rest, which used to be the cornerstone of what was done. But we're moving away from that now, because we know that having complete rest, particularly for prolonged periods of time, can be quite problematic. You're increasing isolation and frustration and so on, and there are all those mental health issues that could be cropping up. There's also deconditioning, particularly in athletes who are used to doing a lot of exercise and movement and physical activity for quite some period of time.
Introducing exercise earlier seems to be a really good idea, and there's a lot of work that's being done on that. Some of my own research right now is in trying to get people to do exercise earlier in their recovery period. There's even some literature saying that the earlier you do this type of exercise, which is aerobic, the better your outcomes might actually be, and your recovery time might be reduced as well.
There are different types of management, therapies and so on that are being used for persistent symptoms, for example. You might have persistent symptoms in the vestibular or ocular realm of things, with balance and vision and this type of thing. There are particular therapies that are being developed for those symptoms, because you would see these symptom clusters crop up as a particular thing for individuals, but that can be different from individual to individual.