Evidence of meeting #18 for Health in the 39th Parliament, 1st session. (The original version is on Parliament’s site, as are the minutes.) The winning word was communities.
A recording is available from Parliament.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
I call the meeting to order.
We have a very large panel in front of us. We want to thank each of you for coming in and presenting to this very important session on childhood obesity, which can lead to childhood diabetes and many other things. We have had a very interesting study up to now, and we thank you for being able to contribute to it.
We'll start with witnesses from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Robert Eyahpaise, and Fred Hill.
The floor is yours.
Robert Eyahpaise Director, Social Services and Justice, Social Policy and Programs Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Our department is responsible for the funding and administration of programs and services for first nations communities and its members through our various programs. As part of this responsibility we aim to ensure that the wellbeing of women, children, and families is addressed. In this respect, INAC is committed to taking concrete action in advancing the interests of aboriginal children and families and enhancing their wellbeing by providing the necessary supports to enable positive outcomes.
INAC's social policies are based on the principles of reasonable comparability and on-reserve residency-based service delivery, with the requirement to follow provincial-territorial rates and standards. INAC currently provides funding for the delivery of five programs. These include first nations child and family services, income assistance, assisted living, the family violence prevention program, and the national child benefit reinvestment program.
When it comes to the health of first nations and Inuit children, the lead is with Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch. However, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada plays a support role through the funding of programs that impact on the social determinants of health.
The criteria and guidelines for many of our programs are set according to the relevant provincial or territorial guidelines. Where these guidelines allow, INAC's income assistance program provides financial support to the extent permitted for people requiring special diets for conditions such as diabetes or celiac disease.
We try to ensure that the health interests of first nations and Inuit children are addressed through the food mail program, also known as the northern air stage program. It pays part of the cost of shipping nutritious perishable food by air to isolated communities. Anyone, including retailers and individuals, can receive food mail if suppliers in the south have a food mail account with Canada Post. INAC funding to Canada Post helps keep the cost of shipping food down. Foods of little nutritional value, such as soft drinks and potato chips, are not funded.
About 140 communities--roughly 90,000 people--are eligible for the program. Most of these are aboriginal communities located in the three territories, Labrador, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.
The examples I have provided so far address the financial aspect of healthy eating. A prime example of a program designed to improve the quality of food is INAC's northern contaminants program. It was established in 1991 in response to concerns about human exposure to elevated levels of contaminants in wildlife species that are important to the traditional diets of northern aboriginal peoples.
Early studies indicated that there was a wide spectrum of substances--persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and radionuclides--many of which had no Arctic or Canadian source, but were nonetheless reaching unexpectedly high levels in the Arctic ecosystem.
The program's key objective is to work towards reducing and, where possible, eliminating contaminants in traditional country foods, while providing information that assists individuals and communities in making informed decisions about their food use.
INAC tries to avoid the overregulation of its programs, and this allows for the creativity of services and service deliverers to create initiatives that benefit their specific populations.
Some first nations schools have taken the lead in helping their students develop healthy lifestyles. These include, for example, Eel Ground First Nation, which was one of the first schools in New Brunswick to adopt a healthy eating program by eliminating junk foods and by providing walking programs and similar initiatives that were intended to get students active. Eel Ground was recognized provincially in the media for its work in this area.
A St. Mary's First Nation school is part of the BOOST program, in partnership with the University of New Brunswick. The program concentrates on daily activity and a healthy diet.
The Mi'kmaq Kina'matnewey, or Mi'kmaq Education Authority, is another interesting example. A sports animator position was developed by the province of Nova Scotia and works out of the MK office. The sports animator works in band-operated schools and develops and promotes healthy living programs for students. Students have designated exercise time every day, have started walking clubs, and have initiated competitions between schools for students to log the greatest number of steps on pedometers that were given to them. The MK is also working towards entering a provincial track and field event for first nations students in the summer of 2007.
Unfortunately, there are not only positive stories to share with you. For many of our programs, the need is great, and there are insufficient resources to meet the needs. For example, we have seen instances when first nations women's shelters have had limited access to appropriate supplies of food, which has incurred additional hardship for them.
Although INAC's role is not specifically to address health issues, we do attempt to make our program guidelines flexible enough to permit first nations and Inuit to address the specific needs of their communities. There are many examples of first nations and Inuit showing initiative in finding ways to help their kids lead healthy, active lives.
INAC is committed to continuing to work with Health Canada and other partners to help first nation and northern communities find ways to develop and maintain healthy lifestyles. Very often, the real solutions come at the grassroots level, and we embrace this creativity and initiative towards building healthy communities.
With that, Mr. Chair, I thank you for giving me the opportunity to make this presentation at this time.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you for your presentation.
We'll now move to the Assembly of First Nations. We have Chief Katherine Whitecloud, regional chief, and Valerie Gideon, senior director, Assembly of First Nations Health and Social Secretariat. The floor is yours.
Katherine Whitecloud Regional Chief, Assembly of First Nations
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and thank you very much for the opportunity to make a presentation to you today.
I'm going to be referring to a document that was provided for you. It's called “Protecting our Gifts and Securing our Future—First Nations Childhood and Obesity: A Growing Epidemic”, and it's a slide presentation that was prepared for you today.
Thank you, Mr. Merrifield and members of the committee. We appreciate the opportunity to provide you with a briefing on the state of first nations childhood obesity and recommendations on how to secure the future of our first nations children.
My name is Katherine Whitecloud. I'm the regional chief of Manitoba, and I'm a member of the Assembly of First Nations executive committee. I am also chair of the AFN chiefs committee on health and chair of the AFN chiefs committee on education. The two are connected.
With me today is Dr. Valerie Gideon, who is the senior director of health and social at the Assembly of First Nations.
I wish to begin by expressing regrets from the national chief, Phil Fontaine, who is unable to attend today.
The Assembly of First Nations is the national political organization representing 750,000 first nations peoples in Canada, regardless of age, gender, or place of residence. The federal government has a distinct fiduciary obligation to first nations peoples, stemming from our treaties and our inherent rights. Today we will provide you with a brief overview of the childhood obesity that is affecting our first nations children. We will then conclude our presentation by offering the AFN's perspective on the solutions that are required to address this very important issue.
On slide 2, we address the legacy of colonization. First nations people have been drastically impacted by colonization and its most shameful forms, such as residential schools. The health and well-being of our people have suffered. Forced relocation from our lands has severely limited our access to traditional foods and our hunting, fishing, and gathering of these foods. High rates of poverty and residential school experiences have resulted in depression, addictions, and other mental health issues that influence nutrition and physical activity practices in our communities.
On slide 3 is the growing epidemic. There is a growing epidemic of obesity among first nations children. Currently, more than half, or 58.5%, of first nations children are either overweight or obese. Only four out of ten first nations children sometimes eat a nutritious and balanced diet.
Broken down further, younger first nations children are more likely to be obese, with older children more likely to be overweight. This finding is interesting when you consider that younger first nations children are more likely to participate daily in physical activity.
On poverty among first nations children, on slide 5, our own national first nations health survey can point to several correlations between nutrition and physical activities levels among children and indicators of poverty in their home environment, such as overcrowding.
It is critical to recognize that one out of four first nations children lives below the poverty line. Children in higher-income brackets are twice as likely to participate in physical activity. You'll know this from your own experience.
It is also clear that to improve the overall health and well-being of first nations children, we must adopt a comprehensive community development approach that reinforces the capacity of our governments to take charge of this epidemic.
On the health and social fiscal imbalance, first nations governments have not been empowered over the past decade to invest the necessary resources to meet the needs of their children in health, social, education, housing, and many other sectors. Arbitrary caps of between 2% and 3% have been imposed on community budgets for over ten years. We have estimated that these caps have resulted in a 13% decrease in those budgets, or a total loss of close to $14 billion nationally. Meanwhile, provinces and territories are receiving a 6.6% annual increase in Canada health and social transfers, which allows them to respond to inflation and population growth.
Here I'd just like to raise a quick point that although our first nations statistics are used in the Canada health and social transfers, those funds do not necessarily reach our communities or our children, for whom they are intended. It is therefore clear that there is currently in place a practice of systemic discrimination against first nations in Canada's health and social and safety net.
With these staggering statistics, a bleak future awaits first nation children. Despite being the fastest-growing population in Canada, which we all are aware of, first nations will inevitably face higher rates of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, joint problems, breathing difficulties, and cancer, as well as social and emotional problems.
The effects of these health problems will place an immense strain on the Canadian health care system, not to mention causing a loss of opportunity and productivity in the Canadian economy. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples determined in 1996 that $11 billion would be lost to Canada if the status quo was perpetuated until 2016.
In developing a strategy to target the rising epidemic of first nations childhood obesity, we must consider physical activity, nutrition, and breastfeeding, as well as other non-medical determinants. Trends in current physical activity show a link with access to traditional foods, the need to invest efforts in children nine to eleven years old, and also activities that will interest and engage first nations girls. Thankfully, breastfeeding prevalence is increasing among first nations infants, but is still below the Canadian average. Lastly, nutrition trends show greater access to traditional foods in smaller communities, and this access is related to lower obesity rates found in these communities.
Ultimately, we know that obesity is caused by many factors. Therefore, understanding the contributions of physical activity and nutrition to reducing the rate of obesity among our children requires a multifactorial approach. We must consider physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and environmental factors.
In 2005 the AFN developed a first nations holistic policy and planning model, the intent of which was to lay out a population health approach to policy development. The model, if applied to a strategy targeting first nations childhood obesity, would require the consideration of the community's effective role, based on supporting its aspirations toward self-government in supporting the child throughout its lifespan in all contributing sectors.
With what we know from current research, and based on our model, we proposed a first nations holistic health strategy, which was unanimously endorsed by all first ministers and the national chief in 2005. Key principles to consider in rollout of the strategy are as follows: ensuring first nations ownership, adopting a community health approach, building on successes, promoting healthy living, securing adequate resources and infrastructure, and addressing non-medical determinants.
Within the broader strategy, targeted interventions for childhood obesity would be required, which we have proposed in our submission. These interventions focus primarily on improving food security, minimizing exposure to harmful food advertising, and supporting the home, family, and community environments.
Beginning on slide 13, we have proposed eight main recommendations, which echo the points raised over the course of our presentation today. We first recommend that opportunities be provided to first nations to develop comprehensive plans that address the health disparities they are currently facing, which have been caused by cycles of poverty and shameful social conditions. For this to be achieved, communities must be resourced to match needs and key cost drivers, taking into consideration community size and location. The fiscal imbalance, which is a true social injustice, must be urgently remedied. Existing programs such as aboriginal head start and another new one, maternal child health, which has been accepted by our communities, could then be leveraged and expanded. Despite the success of the maternal child health program, it is still not universally accessible to first nations communities.
Strategies need to be developed by first nations to address marketing to children of energy-dense foods that do not contribute to a nutritious and balanced intake of foods. A health human resource policy must be established to build nutrition capacity in first nations communities.
First-nations-driven research must be strengthened to identify appropriate measures of first nations children's health and to identify effective practices to attain and maintain health and well-being. Continued and increased funding of the first nations regional health survey is essential to monitor progress. Lastly, school environments must be targeted to implement healthy living practices that incorporate traditional approaches.
To conclude, evidence to date suggests that a comprehensive community development approach is needed to address the multifactorial nature of obesity among our children. Failure to act will exact its toll on human, financial, and material resources. We urge the committee to consider these recommendations, which can best be achieved through collaboration between first nations and the federal government.
Thank you very much.
[Witness speaks in her native language]
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you very much for a very interesting presentation. I appreciate your contribution.
We now have the National Aboriginal Health Organization. Mark Buell and Carole Lafontaine, the floor is yours.
Carole Lafontaine Acting Chief Executive Officer, National Aboriginal Health Organization
Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before this committee today on behalf of the National Aboriginal Health Organization.
My name is Carole Lafontaine. I'm the acting chief executive director at NAHO. I'm also a member of the Métis Nation of Ontario. I am joined today by Mark Buell, our manager of policy and communications at NAHO.
We are pleased to join you today and share our knowledge on obesity in first nations and Inuit children. While NAHO recognizes that there are multiple contributing factors that lead to a high rate of obesity in aboriginal communities in Canada, we would like to focus our brief presentation on income and the cost of foods that shift away from a traditional diet, and the lack of opportunity for physical activities in many aboriginal communities. We would also like to recognize that obesity is a problem faced by all aboriginal people, including the urban population.
The importance of obtaining and analyzing aboriginal-specific data cannot be overstated. Appropriate data assist organizations and government to design and deliver programs that are responsive to the unique needs of target populations. Public policy formulations and fiscal allocations can be better informed by specific data that determine the scope and relevance of disease in first nations, Inuit, and Métis communities, and their needs.
The lower health and socio-economic status of aboriginal peoples in Canada is well known. The link between these factors and obesity is also well documented, so I will not be addressing this in detail today. The fact that the aboriginal population in Canada is younger and growing faster than the general Canadian population points to the urgency of addressing factors that contribute to a socio-economic and health disparity faced by first nations, Inuit, and Métis in Canada, but it also presents us with an opportunity for early intervention.
Clearly, the epidemic of obesity is more severe in aboriginal populations. Knowing that obesity is a problem brings us to the question: Why?
I would like to raise three points: income and the cost of food, the shift from traditional diet, and the transition from a physically active lifestyle to one that is more sedentary and spent indoors.
Income affects the ability to obtain nutritionally adequate and safe foods. Food costs remain higher in the north than in the south. This is of particular significance to first nations and Inuit, as many aboriginals live in the north and in remote communities.
Food-basket studies indicate that northerners pay far more than southerners for the same basket of food. For one week, for a family of four, the northern food basket in Kugaaruk, Nunavut, costs $327--double that of Edmonton. Given this fact, many families have insufficient income to cover the cost of a healthy diet and other necessary family costs. In the same study, in Kugaaruk, five out of six Inuit households were classified as being food-insecure. Over half of the households studied had experienced hunger in the previous year. According to a Thunder Bay health unit, the cost of local nutritious food baskets has risen by 19% since 1998. During the same time, minimum wage has only risen 13% and social assistance rates have seen net cuts.
Indigenous people in North America have experienced a rapid change in diet and lifestyle. Aboriginal youth and adults today have diets that are drastically different from that of their parents and grandparents. They choose higher levels of junk foods and decreased amounts of nutritious country food. When traditional food is lost but high-energy market food is substituted, the basis for developing obesity exists. This is coincident with additional circumstances of changing activity patterns and possible genetic predispositions.
Aboriginal people are adopting a diet high in saturated fat, sugar, and refined foods, and low in fibre, often termed the “western diet”. High costs associated with harvesting increasingly limit the ability of many first nations, Métis, and Inuit harvesters to continue their activities. The Nunavut harvesters support program estimates that it costs more than $200 in operating costs to conduct a weekend hunt. Unfortunately, this amount is too high for many families dependent on social assistance, and the inability to access country food forces them to continue their dependence upon store-bought and processed foods.
Next, I would like to discuss the transition from a physically active lifestyle to one that is more sedentary and spent indoors. This goes hand in hand with the transition in diet. There is less time spent hunting, trapping, and fishing, and that means less time being physically active. Also, a lack of community capacity to organize recreational programs and a lack of facilities means that for many children and youth, physical activity is very limited. This is particularly true in small and remote communities.
Much more research is needed on the factors that influence physical activity patterns of aboriginal children and youth. For example, there may be social and cultural values related to physical activity that should guide the development of policies, programs, and services. Empowerment is a social action process that promotes participation of people, organizations, and communities towards the goal of increased individual and community control, political efficacy, improved quality for community life, and social justice.
Health and social science research substantiates the role of powerlessness as a risk factor for disease and the control of empowerment as a health-enhancing strategy. In practice, this means that future initiatives must be driven by community participation.
The need for and impact of literacy skills cuts across all these determinants of health. The better a person's literacy skills, the more likely they are to have better education, housing, income, mental health, and so on--therefore, better health. The practice of educating parents and families about good nutrition needs to be augmented with programs that teach parents and caregivers the skills to prepare and plan nutritious meals. Investments here have proven effective in relation to nutritional improvement in families.
Additional upstream investment and expansions of maternal and child health programs could have a significant impact on child and youth health outcomes relating to obesity.
I thank you for your time and would like to refer you to our submission, where we highlight a number of recommendations for policies, programs, and service, as well as research.
Thank you again.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you very much for your presentation. We certainly appreciate it.
Now we'll move to the University of Alberta. We have with us Dr. Noreen Willows. We'll ask, Doctor, if you would take the floor.
Dr. Noreen Willows Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
Thank you for inviting me to speak today.
I speak to you today as a nutritionist who does community-based research in first nations communities. My focus is maternal and child health. Today I will review the evidence for obesity in children in aboriginal populations, the gaps in knowledge about obesity, the requirements for continued research, and the need for aboriginal self-government in areas such as health.
It is clear that first nations children have a high prevalence of obesity. The first nations regional longitudinal health survey showed that 26% of children aged nine to eleven were obese. However, the study did not include children from all provinces or territories, and children's heights and weights were not measured but were reported by parents, so the prevalence of obesity may in fact have been underestimated.
Results from the Canadian community health survey showed that aboriginal children living off reserve had an obesity rate of 20%, which was two and a half times the national average for children, which was 8%. In the Arctic, research has found that 19% of Dene, Métis, and Yukon first nations children aged 10 to 12 were obese. High rates of obesity have also been reported for the Oji-Cree in northern Ontario and Mohawk children from Kahnawake in Quebec.
I have been very privileged to have done community-based research with the James Bay Cree in northern Quebec since 1997. The Cree live in nine communities: five are remote, located near James Bay and Hudson's Bay; one remote inland community; and three rural inland communities.
One community-based study I did showed that preschool children in James Bay as young as two years of age were obese. So this is a problem that begins very early in life. There cannot be delays in intervention strategies until children are older.
I've just completed a school-based study to understand the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk factors in Cree children in two communities. One community was rural; the other community was remote. A local steering committee called the study “the active kids project”, and named it in Cree. Over 200 children aged 10 to 12 years participated, with a participation rate in excess of 80%. One-third of children were obese in that study.
The study also found that the majority of children had abdominal obesity. This observation supports other research studies that obesity in aboriginal peoples is predominantly of the abdominal or upper body type--that is, fat patterning around the waist and the upper body, rather than on the thighs or the lower body. This type of upper body fat patterning places obese individuals and children at additional risk for metabolic syndrome--a constellation of factors such as high blood pressure, high triglycerides, and high levels of bad cholesterol--which increases risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
The study also found that liquid calories comprised a major portion of children's energy intake: 9% of calories were from sweetened drinks such as pop, fruit punch, powdered drinks, and sport drinks. Snack foods such as potato chips were the major contributor to fat in the diet. In fact, children would reduce their fat intake by 20% if they did not eat snack foods or poutine. Many children ate restaurant or take-out meals.
It was encouraging to find that children ate traditional foods such as moose, goose, rabbit, duck, beaver, partridge, and whitefish. It is interesting to note that although children did not eat much traditional food, it made a very important contribution to children's diets. For example, children consuming traditional food had higher intakes of both iron and zinc.
We found that children had low levels of fitness and were not active enough for good health. In particular, girls were inactive.
More importantly, we found that children were not happy with the way they looked. Almost three-quarters of children wanted a smaller body size than their own; whereas almost half of children with normal weight wanted to be smaller, 100% of obese children desired a smaller body size. In addition, one quarter of normal-weight children, compared to almost three-quarters of obese children, did not like the way they looked.
It is clear from these results that many children were not happy with the way they looked and that obese children were most likely to prefer a smaller body size and be dissatisfied with their appearance.
This study that I presented to you on James Bay and other studies on first nations children indicate a high prevalence of obesity. We should be very concerned with these findings.
Obese first nations children are at a potentially increased risk for type-2 diabetes, particularly because they have abdominal obesity. We must also be aware that obese children may have mental health issues, such as depression, low self-esteem, and low self-worth. They probably pick up these ideas from mainstream society, media, and TV.
As a researcher, these are the gaps that I perceive in knowledge about obesity in aboriginal children. First nations and Inuit children have seldom been the focus of health research. Knowledge of rates of obesity in children is restricted to a few intensively studied communities. We have limited data about Inuit children.
Baseline data and trend data are essential to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of programs designed to decrease obesity rates. Studies of obesity cannot be restricted to documenting dietary intake and activity levels of children.
We have limited information about community factors contributing to obesity. If communities in which aboriginal children live cause obesity, then understanding, measuring, and altering the environment is critical to reduce the rates of obesity. The environment is not only the physical environment, such as the layout of communities, but it's also the environment of economic and social organization and cultural values.
Given the need for high-quality obesity research, I recommend that the government ensure continued financial support for initiatives such as the aboriginal diabetes initiative, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health.
It is obvious that prevention strategies are required. Because the increasing prevalence of obesity is due to rapid social and cultural changes, obesity prevention cannot be focused solely on the individual. All children must be able to maintain a healthy body weight through physical activity and a healthy diet in the presence of a supportive environment.
For this reason, community-based interventions are required. Active living and affordable healthy foods must be made available and promoted at multiple levels, such as the family, child care centres, aboriginal head start, schools, and after-school programs. Healthy foods must be made the most economical choice.
Mr. Fred Hill will be speaking today about the food mail program. Is that correct?
Fred Hill Manager, Northern Food Security, Northern Affairs Program, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
I'm here to answer questions.
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
Okay, I'm sorry.
I would suggest that the postal subsidy for the food mail program be increased and that a nutritious food subsidy program also be offered to communities that have road access. The food mail program is currently only offered to communities that do not have year-round road access.
It is clear that traditional foods are important for nutrition and well-being. The harvesting of traditional foods also results in improved physical fitness. The environments that support traditional food species must therefore be protected. Carole Lafontaine has discussed other impediments to traditional food consumption today.
Research has shown that breastfeeding may offer aboriginal and other children protection from obesity and diabetes. First nations rates of breastfeeding are low. Breastfeeding must be promoted. The Canada prenatal nutrition program of FNIHB promotes breastfeeding in Inuit and on-reserve first nation communities. The government should ensure continued funding of this program.
Prenatal care for women must be emphasized. The data suggests that many first nations women begin pregnancy obese, gain excessive weight in pregnancy, and have high rates of diabetes in pregnancy called gestational diabetes mellitus. These conditions predispose unborn children to obesity and metabolic disorders such as diabetes later in life. Community environments must support adequate nutrition and activity so that young women of reproductive age can maintain healthy body weights. The focus cannot just be on children.
Jurisdictional gaps and overlaps in health care delivery need to be resolved.
I partner with the Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay in all my research projects. I informed members of the board that I would make recommendations today about the federal government's roles and responsibilities in relation to childhood obesity in first nations communities. The perspective of board members was that the federal government should support aboriginal self-government in areas such as health.
The James Bay Cree of northern Quebec were the first on-reserve nation to have self-government and health care, following the James Bay agreement of 1975. Since that time, the James Bay Cree have been part of the provincial health system as a semi-autonomous health region of Quebec, with access to all new federal aboriginal program dollars. They were underfunded for decades. Since the settling of their outstanding treaty issues that established proper financing for their health services, the Cree are now implementing the most comprehensive system of services in the remote north, including a completely integrated public health system.
As is now happening in this region, self-government, with appropriate levels of financing, opens the possibility for northern regions to begin to work on improving the factors that determine the health of the population: social, economic, and environmental, including decreasing obesity prevalence in children.
Thank you for your time.
I will be submitting briefing notes, which add some additional information to what was presented today.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you very much.
We will move on to the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project. We have Sheila Wari Whitebean and Margaret Cargo and Treena Delormier.
The floor is yours.
Treena Delormier Member, Community Advisory Board, Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
Thank you, Mr. Chair.
I am Treena Delormier from the Kanien'kéha:ka, the Mohawk Nation of Kahnawake. I'm also an academic trainee with the Kahnawake schools diabetes prevention program, pursuing a doctoral degree in public health, health promotion, at Université de Montréal.
I would like to thank you on behalf of the Kahnawake schools diabetes prevention project community advisory board. It's a group of community members who guide the research and intervention aspects of the project, of which I am an active member as well.
I will be sharing my presentation time with my colleague, Dr. Margaret Cargo.
The idea for the diabetes prevention project in Kahnawake was sparked after a presentation that was made to community members concerning the results of a research project that was done in the community. The research results documented high prevalence rates of type-2 diabetes in Kahnawake. Community members who had heard this presentation reacted by asking for something to be done to prevent diabetes.
That reaction was news to the two family physicians—Dr. Ann Macaulay, and the late Dr. Louis T. Montour—who had conducted the prevalence study. They were interested in pursuing research into complications. Needless to say, their efforts changed course on account of the community reaction to the information, and they pursued the idea of diabetes prevention.
This shows the power of sharing locally relevant and meaningful health information with the community. We see that the community was allowed to express their needs on a health issue, and it also sparked community mobilization for health toward diabetes prevention.
About eight years after that, the Kahnawake schools diabetes prevention project officially began when they received funding from a special initiative to address aboriginal diabetes through the national health research development program.
The intervention program focuses on primary school children in the community of Kahnawake. In the schools there is a health curriculum that addresses different aspects of health but focuses on nutrition, physical activity, and diabetes prevention from kindergarten to grade six. There is also a nutrition policy that has been adopted by the whole education system in Kahnawake. It promotes healthy food and bans junk food in the schools. As well as these interventions in the school, KSDPP staff do a number of additional activities with the schools throughout the school year.
The intervention activities also extend into the community. The activities are designed for families, organizations within the organization, and the community at large. The objectives of all these initiatives—community- and school-based—are to promote healthy eating and physical activity, and take a positive attitude and approach toward diabetes prevention.
Margaret is going to talk about some of the results of the evaluation of this intervention program that I just described.
Dr. Margaret Cargo Researcher, Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
Thanks, Treena.
I'm Margaret Cargo, I'm a researcher with the Douglas Hospital Research Centre, which is affiliated with McGill University. I'm just going to pick up where Treena left off.
The effectiveness of KSDPP intervention was evaluated in two ways: an impact evaluation assessed the short-term effects of the intervention and an outcome evaluation assessed the long-term effects. The impact evaluation assessed behaviour change in two specific areas, physical activity and dietary practices. We compared the health practices of elementary school children in 2004 to children in baseline in 1994. We found no change in children's physical activity levels. However, we did see a reduction in television watching during school days, which was good. We also saw an overall decrease in the consumption of soda, chips, and french fries and increased consumption of low-fat milk and whole-wheat bread.
However, these modest changes in behaviour did not translate to changes in anthropometric outcomes, which are measures of body composition. So despite the intervention efforts in the community that were ongoing for about ten years, mean body mass indexes changed from 1994 to 2004. Mean subscapular skinfold thicknesses also increased. In addition, the prevalence of those who were overweight and obese increased from 31% in 1994 to 47% in 2004.
I want to put the findings of the KSDPP intervention in context, in that they are consistent with the majority of other evaluated interventions in childhood obesity prevention. Most studies result in modest changes in behaviour, but these changes in behaviour aren't sufficient to lead to changes in body composition. This was the basic finding of the most recent scientific review by the Cochrane Collaboration. That review included 22 studies, and only four studies had a positive effect on body composition, although the majority of those studies were successful in changing behaviour. One of the best-evaluated interventions was Pathways; it was implemented in several North American Indian communities in the United States, and their results were very similar to KSDPP.
We've learned a number of lessons from the KSDPP experience, and we'll share four of these lessons with you today. I'll talk about two, then Treena will talk about the other two.
The first lesson is that our most recent results suggest approximately half the children entering grade one are already overweight or obese. That suggests we need to refocus our intervention efforts on preschoolers, infants, families, and even pregnant moms, and that waiting until grade one may be too late. There's a parallel here to the smoking prevention interventions of the 1980s.
Also, if you want to see positive outcomes in healthy body weight, we need to consider the contextual factors influencing front-line workers who carry the responsibility for implementing a primary prevention mandate. Through a CIHR-funded study, we have interviewed over 35 front-line workers in aboriginal communities, first nations, Inuit, and even some Métis communities who have come to Kahnawake to receive training in the KSDPP model.
Many of these workers returned to their communities with the best of intentions, but they don't have enough time in their job to do the work. There are competing health issues, mental health issues in the community, and they don't have support within their organization, or even the political leadership, so it's very difficult for them to prevent childhood obesity or to implement their mandate.
We're short-sighted if we're looking at the outcome without looking at supporting the front-line workers and situating diabetes prevention, obesity prevention, in the context of competing community issues and putting conditions in place within their organizations to allow them to do their work.
Thank you.
Member, Community Advisory Board, Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
I want to share what we learned about research findings. The research findings and data information that are relevant to the community and are meaningfully presented have potential for mobilizing communities toward action, particularly when these actions promote healthier children and when they are geared toward promoting healthier future generations. I think this was evident in our community responding with prevention objectives when they were asked to react to prevalence data.
Also, the continuous process of presenting research back to our community advisory board has fed back into what interventions we do, so the project is actually meaningfully owned by our community. There's a continued community commitment to do diabetes prevention. KSDP is continuing in spite of the information. It is this information that Margaret just presented that is stimulating further work and efforts toward diabetes prevention.
The last lesson would be that we need to continue diabetes prevention efforts in new ways that are mutually supportive to other community health efforts. We also need to work on community-level policies—that's something we learned as well—so that we're able to sustain these activities in the community, in addition to a diabetes prevention project.
If we're talking about policies in the community, we also need to think about policies at a broader level, policies at the national level, that promote healthy eating and physical activity for children and that promote environments to promote healthy eating and physical activity for all children in Canada. This would greatly support our community efforts, since our communities are not disconnected from the broader influence of society that impacts communities locally, including our aboriginal communities.
Nia:wen kowa.
Thank you.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you very much for explaining that study to us. I'm sure we'll have many questions for you on that.
We have one further individual. Kristy Sheppard is here. She is the representative of the National Inuit Committee on Health, from the ITK.
Thank you. The floor is yours.
Kristy Sheppard Representative of the National Inuit Committee on Health, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
Thank you.
Thank you for the opportunity to speak here today on Inuit concerns regarding childhood obesity.
I will provide a brief background on Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. ITK is the national Inuit organization in Canada representing Inuit from the four Inuit regions: Nunatsiavut, Labrador; Nunavik, northern Quebec; Nunavut; and the Inuvialuit settlement region in the Northwest Territories. ITK is primarily an advocacy organization to ensure Inuit rights and interests are protected and promoted.
ITK receives direction from the National Inuit Committee on Health, also termed NICOH, which provides technical guidance and recommendations related to national Inuit health, care review, reform, and policy development on health issues to the ITK board of directors. The committee ensures that Inuit land claim regions and the National Inuit Youth Council are informed and are in a position to make informed decisions on behalf of their members.
As a representative of NICOH, I would like to discuss the issue of childhood obesity in Inuit communities. Inuit childhood obesity is affected by many factors and determinants of health. Although there is a lack of Inuit-specific data, we do have anecdotal evidence indicating that childhood obesity is becoming an issue in Inuit communities. These contributions are exacerbated by the rapid change in the way of life brought on by colonization. An increase in sedentary activities combined with an increase in the amount of unhealthy junk food eaten by children and youth lead to devastating effects.
It is felt that children and youth are becoming addicted to pop. Junk foods are predominately displayed at stores and are readily accessible, in comparison to country foods. Generally, junk food is cheaper to buy with allowance money than fresh fruit, which is why children are purchasing so much. Often you can buy pop cheaper than milk. Statistically, in Iqaluit you can purchase a can of pop for $2 and a personal-sized carton of milk for $3.25 with tax. It must also be remembered that half the population of Inuit is under the age of 20. With such a large youth population who are becoming increasingly dependent on junk food, you can see the seriousness of it.
In relation to data, it is difficult to provide evidence for the extent of childhood obesity among Inuit children. Although many surveys provide data for all Canadian children, they do not provide data for Inuit children specifically. Most government surveys are not designed to provide data for Inuit regions. Both the biomass index and the waist-to-hip ratio are questionable, as there are uncertainties about whether national indicators accurately reflect Inuit stature. Inuit babies generally have higher birth weights, so this also may not be a relevant health indicator for Inuit.
We know the rate of obesity is affected by other determinants of health, which I would like to take this opportunity to touch on. To begin with, there is the issue of poverty. Median incomes for Inuit are much lower than those of non-Inuit. In 2001 the median income for Inuit was $13,637, in comparison to $22,136 for non-Inuit. This gap has widened significantly when you consider how much the cost of living in the north actually is.
Unemployment is three times higher for Inuit than non-Inuit and wages are lower than for non-Inuit. Families often end up purchasing the cheaper foods, which are higher in carbohydrates and low in protein, rather than fresh fruits and vegetables. They essentially get more worth for their money if they purchase the high-carbohydrate foods.
More frequently, both parents in Inuit households are working, which means that children are often responsible for preparing their own meals, and kids don't often make the healthiest choices. Junk foods are accepted in Inuit communities. An example would be in Hopedale, Nunatsiavut. They ran out of potato chips so they sent a plane to Nain, Nunatsiavut, to restock. One flight comes in every week for fresh vegetables, but not another one is sent out to get more. You can see the demand there is for potato chips and not fresh foods.
This feeds into the issue of food insecurity. The risks of dietary transition that include more market food and less traditional and country food are recognized to include risks of greater obesity and susceptibility to chronic diseases. The high cost associated with hunting means the traditional country food is also becoming more expensive. With lower incomes, you obviously can't purchase boats and skidoos, and the gas prices in the north are ridiculous.
The food security of Inuit is also affected by other factors, including climate change and contaminants. Climate change can cause changes in the availability of food plants and in migration patterns and breeding of animals that are often hunted in those regions. Regarding contaminants, there is decreased confidence in the safety of traditional and country foods due to the high contaminant level in many animals. In Nunavik, people spend up to 40% of their income on food. Over half the population, 56%, report food insecurity in Nunavut.
With regard to legislation, although country food has been shown to be healthier, day cares and schools in some Inuit regions cannot provide it to children. For example, in Nunatsiavut, food regulations won't allow them to put the food in the day cares as it's not been tested appropriately.
In many regions you are not allowed to sell country food, and there are also barriers to sharing food between Arctic regions. In regions where you can sell country food, there are some promising practices. In Nunavik the day cares are planning to provide 85% of the required nutrients per day, with 30% to 40% being filled by country food.
Through the Canada prenatal nutrition program, in some regions char and caribou are provided to pregnant women. This is done in Nunavik.
Regarding the topic of schools and recreation facilities, there is less time allocated to physical activity in schools, but in most northern communities there's also a lack of recreation facilities and activities outside of the school. Due to rising costs, many children do not have the opportunity to take part in traditional activities such as hunting and fishing, which have, in the past, kept Inuit healthy and active.
Considering the reality of high unemployment rates, low standards and high costs of living, and low wages, simply providing a tax credit to all Canadians will serve to increase the gap that already exists between Inuit and mainstream Canada. With obstacles such as funding, human resources, infrastructure, remoteness, elevated prices, etc., not being addressed, the children's fitness tax credit will not be an effective tool for increasing the physical fitness of Inuit children.
Underlying all of these issues is a need to continue to increase the human resources capacity of Inuit in these areas. We are in high need of recreation coordinators, dieticians, nutritionists, etc.
To conclude, these are the recommendations put forth by NICOH on the issues of childhood obesity in Inuit communities.
There is a need to develop baseline data for childhood obesity among Inuit and a need to develop an appropriate measure that works for all Inuit to fill the gaps. There is a need for Inuit engagement in program design and delivery in a continuum of services, which could decrease the effect of obesity on Inuit children.
These services must be a part of not only the health system, but must also reflect the changes needed in educational, economic, and environmental systems. This also means reviewing and providing Inuit input into proposed legislation and tax reforms, to ensure that the outcome that is expected does not negatively impact Inuit, but rather, ideally, positively impacts them.
There needs to be a review of the effectiveness and sustainability of existing programs and services aimed at childhood obesity.
Thank you.
We will also follow with briefing notes.
I appreciate the opportunity to provide the Inuit perspective here today.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
Thank you very much, and thank you to all your panel for your presentations.
I just want to make mention to the committee, as well, that we have a representative from the Department of Health, Kathy Langlois. Thank you for coming back and being prepared to answer any of the questions that we might pose as we get into the question and answer period.
We'll move right to that. We will start with Mr. Merasty.
The floor is yours. You have ten minutes, I believe.
Liberal
Gary Merasty Liberal Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River, SK
Thank you.
Let me first thank each and every one of you for great presentations.
I'll try to go very quickly here, but three things immediately jumped out at me. One, there seems to be a very clear public policy conflict emerging; I'll explain that right away. Two, the lack of longitudinal research and how that has an impact on the community seems to come out as well. And three, that investment is needed now.
My first question is related to this demographic conflict. We know that a statement was made--I'm aware of this from past experience as well--that Canadian federal government departments try to fund aboriginal, first nations, Métis, and Inuit programs on the basis of reasonable comparability. Looking at that for a second, when we have the general public aging in Canada, going in one direction--the baby boomers are aging--and we have a very young aboriginal population coming up, public policy overall seems to focus on what Canada's greatest needs may be from a public policy health perspective. This is something I see every day. So when you have reasonable comparability as a guiding principle, we're going to have a conflict. I think we've seen some of this.
As my first question, do you feel that what I'm saying is fair, or maybe not fair? If some of the programs maybe don't fit some of the aboriginal communities' needs, what may they be?
My second question is with respect to what the AFN talked about. One of the things that RCAP, mentioned in your presentation, and then the Kelowna accord talked about is significant upfront investment, and that the payback to the aboriginal communities, to the government, to the people of Canada is quite significant even by the year 2016. You gave a specific example.
Within that, what do you think the cost of doing nothing, or the cost of not doing enough, will be in five years, in ten years, in fifteen years? I know that's a heavy question, but this jumped out at me fairly quickly.
I have a third question; I'm trying to spread it around here.
I liked your comment on the research you did in this corner. One of the things I've realized from my past experience is that when you share with the community the outcomes of some research, they really take hold of it. It empowers them. Being that there's a lack of R and D out there that actually comes from the community, this lack of empowerment means maybe less mobilization to respond to some of our issues.
Do you feel that more research and development is required, especially longitudinal studies on aboriginal communities--in this forum, of course, health? And how best do you think we could do that to empower the community as we go forward?
My final question concerns the food mail program. Just quickly, if the food mail program were improved and we got food in cheaper, how would we change the diet pattern in the community?
I'm done; anyone can answer.
Conservative
The Chair Conservative Rob Merrifield
So we'll open it up to the panel. Anyone can take the first swing at that.
Go ahead, Katherine.
Regional Chief, Assembly of First Nations
Thank you very much for those questions.
I'd like to specifically respond to the questions you posed regarding our presentation, the significant upfront investment that is required, has been identified, and is pretty much known to everybody, and how the payback would be significant for Canadian society in general if you do something about it now versus waiting five, ten, or fifteen years. The costs of doing nothing are as follows.
Right now, from 1999 to 2004, over a five-year period, INAC funding increased by only 1.6%, excluding inflation, while the status first nations population, according to the department, increased by 11.2%
Since 2000 budgets have been impoverished by almost 13%. Had a 6% rate of growth been applied to account for inflation and population growth, equal to what has been granted to the Canada health and social transfer, the cumulative new dollars received over the ten-year period would have been $14,584,000,000, if the funds had been provided in the same way they're provided to the Canada health and social transfer. The amount of lost funds, the difference between the 2% rate received and the need, which is 6%, is over $10 billion.
“Gathering Strength”, the federal government's response to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, has only provided $2,379,000,000, leaving a shortfall of $7,914,000,000.
For individual communities, the magnitude of lost funds in the 2006-2007 budget is 45.5% over existing funds and ranges from $1.5 million to $13.9 million per community.
That is the impact of the lack of funding provided to our communities, and it is only the actual costs right now. You also have to factor into that the cost of having people who are diabetic and the cost of people being in medical institutions because of the lack of health that we're seeing in our communities. All the other long-term effects will triple or quadruple that in the next five, ten, and fifteen years.
Member, Community Advisory Board, Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
I'll speak to the third question, about research. Your question was on whether we felt more research and development are needed.
I think that yes, the question is easily answered. For certain populations, as was mentioned, a lot of baseline data doesn't even exist. How do we do that?
I think one of the reasons the data was so meaningful and people really took action was because the information was created in a partnership. The KSDPP continues to follow that model.
The community works with researchers in a participatory model where we share responsibilities around research, and we also make sure the information is useful and relevant to the community. Having the community continuously involved ensures that. It's that type of mechanism or model, where there's a partnership between the research expertise and the community, that makes the knowledge more relevant.
We currently have the Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health investing in research infrastructure and building capacity for researchers. We will have more aboriginal researchers and more researchers who are sensitive to the need for aboriginal health research.
We have more models of how partnerships can work, such as the KSDPP, the Sandy Lake School diabetes prevention program, and the Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment. We are slowly building this capacity, and I think those are models to look at for mechanisms on how to make partnerships for relevant research.
Manager, Northern Food Security, Northern Affairs Program, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
If you'd allow me to answer the food mail question, I'm not exactly sure what may have been meant by improvements to the food mail program. It could mean a number of things. But to the extent that it would mean further reducing the rate that is charged for shipping food into these communities, I can say without hesitation that the lower the rate that is charged for shipping the food, the lower priced those foods will be. We saw a lot of evidence of that when the rates were drastically reduced in the Baffin region of Nunavut in the early 1990s. In fact, food costs less in those communities now than it did in 1990.
More importantly, in three pilot communities where we have been conducting pilot projects over the last three or four years, we have further reduced the rate again for the most critical perishable foods--meaning, for the most part, fresh dairy products, fruit and vegetables, and frozen juice.
We have again seen the price of those foods come down. We have seen what I believe would be considered nutritionally significant increases in the volume of shipments of those foods. We've also seen improvements in the quality and variety of food.
We have not, however, assessed the actual impact of all of that on nutrient intake. But the intention was to provide evidence that ministers will need to make well-informed, long-term decisions about the future of this program.