That's a very appropriate question you ask. It reflects the thinking processes that needed to go on during the evaluation period. If there were no pilot-scale manufacturing capacity, which typically requires production of 10% of the volume of a production batch--that is sort of a regulatory requirement--to GMP standards, there would be a real gap in moving forward a candidate vaccine discovered in Canada, or anywhere, to actually apply to humans. That was assessed, in a separate study, in 2004--I think I have the year right--as not being available in Canada. Steven, am I right that it was 2004?
The scene had changed rapidly, though. I guess when the general background people at the Gates Foundation, in particular, decided as part of their due diligence to re-evaluate whether pilot-scale manufacturing capacity was still unavailable to researchers globally, the finding was that, yes, over the past two or three years, pilot-scale manufacturing capacity had come on stream and had become available. Keep in mind that pilot-scale manufacturing does not involve the same level of effort required in a full-scale, industry type of vaccine manufacturing plant.
The changes that can happen over two and three years can happen relatively quickly. We ended up with a decision that manufacturing capacity for pilot-scale clinical trialling actually had become available, and it no longer made sense to spend $88 million for that priority in HIV vaccine development versus other priorities that were also on the table.