Yes, that's right. Again, in the United States, a lot of the initiatives at state level have been taking place because of the assumption of voter impersonation. It's not all types of fraud, but the idea is that somehow voters are going to vote twice, or somebody is going to come along and claim to be a voter who isn't a voter.
Essentially, the best research done by Lorraine Minnite and others in the United States has found that this is a very minor problem. The number of prosecutions, police cases, and individuals who are caught up in this is very small. Normally when voter impersonation happens it's an accident. People might have registered, for example, in two places, because they might have two homes, or there were other issues.
If there is a problem of fraud, I think we can all agree across parties that there has to be security and honesty in any election. Everybody should be able to be inclusive in having voting rights, but you clearly do not want any citizen or any problem that can be counted twice.
There are many more effective ways if you think there is a problem of fraud. One is, quite simply, increase the punishment. We have fines to make sure people don't transgress, so you just increase that. Or, you can have other forms of checks. For example, you can have provisional ballot boxes. If somebody comes to the polling station, and they don't have the right ID or they don't have the official card, then you can say, okay, all of those ballots go into a special ballot box that are counted and verified after the election day finishes.
So there are mechanisms that are used in many places, which allow that kind of flexibility when people turn up and don't have quite the right ID.
The third thing, of course, is that the government itself, the state or the federal government, produces no-cost voter identification cards, laminated, with a photo and fingerprint. In countries like India, which have had large-scale fraud and where it's a real problem, the election management body has a responsibility to produce these. They're used in India, by the way, not just for voting but for many other things, like the land rights, because they're an official government card. But the voter doesn't pay for this. The voter has no cost. They're given to every single voter, whether they're illiterate, rural, or whatever.
There are many ways you can deal with voter fraud if it's a problem. I don't think it's a fundamental issue. But again, you don't need to go down the route of prohibiting vouching or the use of voter information cards, both of which would do the opposite and actually suppress young people, mobile populations, seniors who don't have a driving licence with an address on it, or other groups who might be mobile and don't have those particular forms of ID.