On the broader picture, we know from comparative studies across Europe that welfare states redistribute money from the rich to poor and from men to women, mainly, but also across the life course, taking money away from the middle-aged and giving it to the elderly, in terms of pensions, and to the young, in terms of family and child benefits. We know those universal pensions and those universal family benefits are universally shown to be effective at reducing poverty across individuals' life courses.
By doing that, it reduces the poverty rates tremendously. For specific targeted groups, obviously education is a route out of poverty, and investing in education has been helpful, but an adequate minimum social safety net that's effective has also universally been shown, in every country that has introduced it, to be an effective and efficient way of reducing poverty.