On the language issue, because of the point system, 68% of immigrants speak one of the two official languages. The problem is not really about vocabulary and grammar; it's about communication, and communication is a complex human interaction. We find some of the problems are more cultural than linguistic. Sometimes people with advanced English don't understand the nuances contained in what they're saying. Because most of the skilled immigrants are going into the knowledge economy positions, they need the higher level of language. The answer really lies in combining language with sectoral occupational work. They way they learn the jargon and the culture of that particular profession.
On the bridging, I think you're right about the strategies that are needed. We have found that the most successful programs are the ones that specialize in the individual. Instead of having a one-size-fits-all approach, our bridging program, the enhanced language training, the internationally trained professionals program all target specific occupations. This is successful because it also gives people an opportunity to network within an occupation. One of the big challenges is the lack of social networks for newcomers.
The barrier is still Canadian experience. The subsidy idea that you suggest has been successful in the past. The federal government has had targeted wage subsidies.