My sense is that within institutions we are still finding that there is a self-chosen pathway that sometimes speaks to what we think is going to be in high demand and then we find that is not necessarily the case.
I think giving some young people some direction when, for example, they're in high school, they're coming from an immigrant community where the sense is to head for the gold level standard.... If you think about some of the language that is used, particularly when we're talking about an immigrant population and wanting the best and the brightest, what you actually mean is you want Ph.D.s , not people who are going into the skilled trades.
That's the underlying message that is being given to youth, regardless of their background. Those are things that we have to be able to address. If it's about workforce demand, we shouldn't have policies and procedures in place that say that graduate students and Ph.D.s get better treatment than technical occupation students.