Really quickly, as I know there's not a lot of time.... In the absence of an immigration program, when there's excess demand for workers, the wages should rise. That's what Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations. My experience is that if a job has chronic labour shortages, it's usually because there's something to do with the job that people don't like. The idea that we should have immigrants do the jobs that Canadians don't want to do is a huge mistake, because the wages will never rise if that's the case.
My colleague Mikal Skuterud has put out numbers on construction. Everyone's always saying that there are construction shortages, but we do not see wages rising rapidly in construction—