I think Dr. Trilokekar spoke to this a bit in her comments.
There are similar competing priorities among policy actors and jurisdictional frictions in Australia and Canada. They happen at different periods of time. There are, obviously, significant differences in the two countries, but I think they do both suffer from a challenge on the higher education side, which is funding issues and the resulting marketization of public post-secondary institutions.
On the immigration side, they're explicitly positioning permanent residency as a carrot, without enough space for all of those students to transfer to permanent residency, and there's an impact on the higher education system in terms of what kinds of programs are attracting students and whether those align with the labour market.
Germany is very interesting because, in Germany, international students are not charged differential tuition compared to domestic students. Essentially, in Germany, the higher education system is funded much more robustly than in Canada, so we really see that the marketization of higher education has a very big impact. If we had more opportunities for funding for higher education, I think that would stabilize some of the issues—of course, with regulation as well.
Germany is primarily attracting international students as immigrants, not necessarily to fund its higher education system.