In terms of a timeframe for when interventions occurred, within the prairie region specifically, we started the intervention process directly with gang members in the late 1990s, probably 1996 and later. It occurred sporadically. We did have some external evaluations done on intervention and actually found dramatic improvement in attitudes towards vengeance. There was a reduction in vengeance and in negative attitudes towards the police, and tolerance for law violations, for violent criminal acts towards others, was decreasing.
But more importantly, we also found real behavioural change within the institutions. The average offender a year prior to intervention was accumulating serious or minor charges at the rate of nine a year, but one year post-intervention, those serious or minor charges within the institution were down to less than one per person.