The 1999 decision in Sweden that started a bit of a trend in this direction of decriminalizing the sale but criminalizing the purchase of sexual services was coupled in Sweden with the programming approach, the dual tracks of putting the emphasis on the perpetrators, on johns and pimps, and assisting vulnerable persons to exit the field of prostitution. I think—and I stand to be corrected—it was the first country to move, I don't want to say radically but, dramatically in that direction.
A report that was compiled in 2010, just a relatively short time later, found that implementation had been successful in reducing street prostitution as well as the rate of human trafficking. So there is a tried and true example, if you will, that is encouraging. The model also found it had a deterrent effect. By focusing resources, including police resources, on the perpetrators, on the purchasers, this is having an effect, anecdotally speaking. We may not have the empirical data we would hope to have in an ideal world.
Prostitution, as you know, is an underground activity. It's very difficult in many cases to get the type of specific statistics we need, but given its nature, the prevalence of other criminal elements—and we haven't really talked about that, the organized crime element that is very often associated with human trafficking—this has had a positive effect in Sweden. Recent research indicates that legalization or decriminalization of prostitution has the inverse effect, that going to either end of that spectrum in fact increases human trafficking in addition to prostitution.