One of the differences between the new provision in Bill C-35 and the provisions in the section on animal cruelty is the notion of lawful excuse.
Paragraph 445(1)(a) of the Criminal Code only uses the word “wilfully”, with no mention of lawful excuse.
Can you give us some examples of what would constitute a lawful excuse? How would that apply in certain situations, such as a demonstration or an airport or customs search? It's not just a matter of law enforcement animals, but also of law enforcement officers. What would be a lawful excuse in some of those cases?