We will now start virtually.
Welcome to Dr. Anver Emon, professor of law and history, Canada research chair in Islamic law and history and director of the Institute of Islamic Studies, University of Toronto.
We also welcome Dr. Jasmin Zine, professor of sociology and Muslim studies option, Wilfrid Laurier University. Thank you.
I believe we have a third witness, who is having difficulties connecting because of the headset, but I will acknowledge her presence, although she may not be able to speak at the moment. If we are able to arrange it for Monday, we will. If not, I apologize. She is Dr. Julie Macfarlane, distinguished professor (emerita) of law.
Let's start, for the first five minutes, with Dr. Emon.
Go ahead, please.