There are certainly a number of studies and statistics with respect to overrepresentation, and with respect to MMPs in particular. You know the statistics. Indigenous people represent a tiny percentage of our population but 30% and higher of people who are in federal incarceration. The number is even higher for indigenous women. The Black population, at approximately 3% of the population, I believe, represents, again, close to 9% of all offenders.
With respect to MMPs themselves, of all admissions to federal custody between 2010 and 2020, 53% of Black offenders and 36% of all indigenous offenders were admitted for an offence punishable by an MMP. Those are shocking statistics. It is simply inexplicable, for any reason other than systemic racism, that those numbers are that high. Therefore, we need to attack the problem at all levels. Sentencing is one of them, but there are other places, too, where we need to attack this.