Yes. What's proposed in Bill C-9 actually compares very favourably with what's available abroad in countries very similar to ours. I can't say there's a country out there whose judiciary functions along the same lines as ours whose process is better. If you were to map out all of these processes, whether it be England, Wales, New Zealand or U.S. federal courts, they broadly have the shape of a capital letter “Y”. The complaints come in, they get investigated in the same way initially, and then they go one of two ways. One way is if they're not serious enough to warrant removal. If they're serious enough to warrant removal, you have a more serious set of investigations. That ultimately gets you to a public hearing and then removal by the executive and/or legislative branches.
This does follow that same pattern, but Bill C-9 involves laypersons in the process at the very outset in terms of the review of complaints. That is not something you find anywhere else. Laypersons are involved in England and Wales and New Zealand, but only at the hearings stage, when it comes time to determine whether the judge should be removed. The list of sanctions is very, very limited. It really is. It's removal or it's a reprimand or expression of concern in these other countries. The ability to, for example, require a judge to pursue continuing education or counselling is not really there.
In those two respects, Bill C-9 actually really improves on what's out there internationally.
Thank you.